RUTABAGA BABY
By Frank Zindler
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JABBERWOCKY
From Lewis Carrol's Through the Looking Glass`Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.`Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Beware the Jujub bird, and shun
The frumious Bandersnatch!'He took his vorpal sword in hand:
Long time the manxome foe he sought --
So rested he by the Tumtum gree,
And stood awhile in thought.And as in uffish thought he stood,
The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,
Came whiffling through the tulgey wook,
And burbled as it came!One, two! One, two! And through and through
The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!
He left it dead, and with its head
He went galumphing back.`And has thou slain the Jabberwock?
Come to my arms, my beamish boy!
O frabjous day! Calloh! Callay!
He chortled in his joy.`Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.Courtesy of Project Gutenberg. Jabberwocky on YouTube
RUTABAGA BABY
By Frank Zindler
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SCOOPING THE LOOP SNOOPER
A proof that the Halting Problem is undecidable
Geoffrey K. Pullum
School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh
No general procedure for bug checks succeeds.
Now, I won't just assert that, I'll show where it leads:
I will prove that although you might work till you drop,
you cannot tell if computation will stop.
For imagine we have a procedure called P
that for specified input permits you to see
whether specified source code, with all of its faults,
defines a routine that eventually halts.
You feed in your program, with suitable data,
and P gets to work, and a little while later
(in finite compute time) correctly infers
whether infinite looping behavior occurs.
If there will be no looping, then P prints out `Good.'
That means work on this input will halt, as it should.
But if it detects an unstoppable loop,
then P reports `Bad!' --- which means you're in the soup.
Well, the truth is that P cannot possibly be,
because if you wrote it and gave it to me,
I could use it to set up a logical bind
that would shatter your reason and scramble your mind.
Here's the trick that I'll use -- and it's simple to do.
I'll define a procedure, which I will call Q,
that will use P's predictions of halting success
to stir up a terrible logical mess.
For a specified program, say A, one supplies,
the first step of this program called Q I devise
is to find out from P what's the right thing to say
of the looping behavior of A run on A.
If P's answer is `Bad!', Q will suddenly stop.
But otherwise, Q will go back to the top,
and start off again, looping endlessly back,
till the universe dies and turns frozen and black.
And this program called Q wouldn't stay on the shelf;
I would ask it to forecast its run on itself.
When it reads its own source code, just what will it do?
What's the looping behavior of Q run on Q?
If P warns of infinite loops, Q will quit;
yet P is supposed to speak truly of it!
And if Q's going to quit, then P should say `Good'
--- which makes Q start to loop! (P denied that it would.)
No matter how P might perform, Q will scoop it:
Q uses P's output to make P look stupid.
Whatever P says, it cannot predict Q:
P is right when it's wrong, and is false when it's true!
I've created a paradox, neat as can be ---
and simply by using your putative P.
When you posited P you stepped into a snare;
Your assumption has led you right into my lair.
So where can this argument possibly go?
I don't have to tell you; I'm sure you must know.
By reductio, there cannot possibly be
a procedure that acts like the mythical P.
You can never find general mechanical means
for predicting the acts of computing machines.
It's something that cannot be done. So we users
must find our own bugs. Our computers are losers!
In October 2000, after a refereeing delay of nearly a year, an earlier and incorrect version of this poetic proof was published in Mathematics Magazine (73, no. 4, 319–320). I am very grateful to Philip Wadler (Informatics, University of Edinburgh) and Larry Moss (Mathematics, Indiana University) for helping with the development of this corrected version, which is now free of bugs (trust me; you can check it). Thanks also to the late Dr. Seuss for the style, and of course to the pioneering work of Alan Turing (and Martin Davis's nice simplified presentation) for the content.Copyright © 2008 by Geoffrey K. Pullum. Permission is granted to reproduce or distribute this work for non-commercial, educational purposes relating to teaching computer science, mathematics, or logic.
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