ROSETTA    STONE

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The Rosetta Stone is an ancient Egyptian stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V.

The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest ancient Greek. Because it presents essentially the same text in all three scripts it provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs.

E G Y P T



THE    ROSETTA    STONE



The Memphite Decree

[Year 9, Xandikos day 4], which is equivalent to the Egyptian
month, second month of Peret, day 18, of the King 'The Youth
who has appeared as King in the place of his Father', the Lord of
the Uraei 'Whose might is great, who has established Egypt,
causing it to prosper, whose heart is beneficial before the gods',
(the One) Who is over his Enemy 'Who has caused the life of the
people to prosper, the Lord of the Years of Jubilee like
Ptah-Tenen, King like Pre', [the King of the Upper Districts and]
the Lower Districts 'The Son of the Father-loving Gods, whom
Ptah has chosen, to whom Pre has given victory, the Living
Image of Amun', the Son of Pre 'Ptolemy, living forever, beloved of
Ptah, the Manifest God whose excellence is fine', son of Ptolemy
and Arsinoe, the Father-loving Gods, (and) the Priest of
Alexander and the Saviour Gods and [the Brother-and-Sister
Gods and the] Beneficent [Gods] and the Father-loving Gods and
King Ptolemy, the Manifest God whose excellence is fine, Aetos
son of Aetos; while Pyrrha daughter of Philinos was Prize-bearer
before Berenice the Beneficent, while Areia daughter of Diogenes
was [Basket]-bearer [before Arsi]noe the Brother-loving, and while
Eirene daughter of Ptolemy was Priestess of Arsinoe the
Father-loving: on this day, a decree of the mr-sn priests and the
hm-ntr priests, and the priests who enter the sanctuary to
perform clothing rituals for the gods, and the scribes of the divine
book and the scribes of the House of Life, and the other priests
who have come from the temples of Egypt [to Memphis on] the
festival of the Reception of the Rulership by King Ptolemy, living
forever, beloved of Ptah, the Manifest God whose excellence is
fine, from his father, who have assembled in the temple of
Memphis, and who have said:

Rosetta Stone -- British Museum
Whereas King Ptolemy, living forever, the Manifest God whose
excellence is fine, son of King Ptolemy [and Queen] Arsinoe, the
Father-loving Gods, is wont to do many favors for the temples of
Egypt and for all those who are subject to his kingship, he being
a god, the son of a god and a goddess, and being like Horus son
of Isis and Osiris, who protects his father Osiris, and his heart
being beneficent concerning the gods, since he has given much
money and much grain to the temples of Egypt, [he having
undertaken great expenses] in order to create peace in Egypt
and to establish the temples, and having rewarded all the forces
that are subject to his rulership; and of the revenues and taxes
that were in force in Egypt he had reduced some or(?) had
renounced them completely, in order to cause the army and all
the other people to be prosperous in his time as [king; the
arrear]s which were due to the King from the people who are in
Egypt and all those who are subject to his kingship, and (which)
amounted to a large total, he renounced; the people who were in
prison and those against whom there had been charges for a long
time, he released; he ordered concerning the endowments of the
gods, and the money and the grain that are given as allowances
to their [temples] each year, and the shares that belong to the
gods from the vineyards, the orchards, and all the rest of the
property which they possessed under his father, that they should
remain in their possession; moreover, he ordered concerning the
priests that they should not pay their tax on becoming priests
above what they used to pay up to Year 1 under his father; he
released the people [who hold] the offices of the temples from the
voyage they used to make to the Residence of Alexander each
year; he ordered that no rower should be impressed into service;
he renounced the two-thirds share of the fine linen that used to
be made in the temples for the Treasury, he bringing into its
[correct] state everything that had abandoned its (proper)
condition for a long time, and taking all care to have done in a
correct manner what is customarily done for the gods, likewise
causing justice to be done for the people in accordance with what
Thoth the Twice-great did; moreover, he ordered concerning those
who will return from the fighting men and the rest of the people
who had gone astray (lit. been on other ways) in the disturbance
that had occurred in Egypt that [they] should [be returned] to
their homes, and their possessions should be restored to them;
and he took all care to send (foot) soldiers, horsemen, and ships
against those who came by the shore and by the sea to make an
attack on Egypt; he spent a great amount in money and grain
against these (enemies), in order to ensure that the temples and
the people who were in Egypt should be secure; he went to the
fortress of Sk3n [which had] been fortified by the rebels with all
kinds of work, there being much gear and all kinds of equipment
within it; he enclosed that fortress with a wall and a dyke(?)
around (lit. outside) it, because of the rebels who were inside it,
who had already done much harm to Egypt, and abandoned the
way of the commands of the King and the commands [of the
god]s; he caused the canals which supplied water to that fortress
to be dammed off, although the previous kings could not have
done likewise, and much money was expended on them; he
assigned a force of footsoldiers and horsemen to the mouths of
those canals, in order to watch over them and to protect them,
because of the [rising] of the water, which was great in Year 8,
while those canals supply water to much land and are very deep;
the King took that fortress by storm in a short time; he overcame
the rebels who were within it, and slaughtered them in
accordance with what Pre and Horus son of Isis did to those who
had rebelled against them in those places in the Beginning; (as
for) the rebels who had gathered armies and led them to disturb
the nomes, harming the temples and abandoning the way of the
King and his father, the gods let him overcome thein at Memphis
during the festival of the Reception of the Rulership which he did
from his father, and he had them slain on the wood; he remitted
the arrears that were due to the King from the temples up to Year
9, and amounted to a large total of money and grain; likewise the
value of the fine linen that was due from the temples from what is
made for the Treasury, and the verification fees(?) of what had
been made up to that time; moreover, he ordered concerning the
artaba of wheat per aroura of land, which used to be collected
from the fields of the endowment, and likewise for the wine per
aroura of land from the vineyards of the gods' endowments: he
renounced them; he did many favors for Apis and Mnevis, and
the other sacred animals that are honoured in Egypt, more than
what those who were before him used to do, he being devoted to
their affairs at all times, and giving what is required for their
burials, although it is great and splendid, and providing what is
dedicated(?) in their temples when festivals are celebrated and
burnt offerings made before them, and the rest of the things
which it is fitting to do; the honors which are due to the temples
and the other honors of Egypt he caused to be established in
their (proper) condition in accordance with the law; he gave much
gold, silver, grain, and other items for the Place of Apis; he had it
adorned with new work as very fine work; he had new temples,
sanctuaries, and altars set up for the gods, and caused others to
assume their (proper) condition, he having the heart of a
beneficent god concerning the gods and enquiring after the
honors of the temples, in order to renew them in his time as
king in the manner that is fitting; and the gods have given him in
return for these things strength, victory, success(?), prosperity,
health, and all the (sic) other favors, his kingship being
established under him and his descendants forever:

Egyptian Scribe -- Louvre
Egyptian scribe.  Purchase from Louvre.fr


With good fortune! It has seemed fitting to the priests of all the
temples of Egypt, as to the honors which are due to King
Ptolemy, living forever, the Manifest God whose excellence is
fine, in the temples, and those which are due to the Father-loving
Gods, who brought him into being, and those which are due to
the Beneficent Gods, who brought into being those who brought
him into being, and those which are due to the Brother-and-Sister
Gods, who brought into being those who brought them into being,
and those which are due to the Saviour Gods, the ancestors of
his ancestors, to increase them; and that a statue should be set
up for King Ptolemy, living forever, the Manifest God whose
excellence is fine - which should be called 'Ptolemy who has
protected the Bright Land', the meaning of which is 'Ptolemy who
has preserved Egypt' - together with a statue for the local god,
giving him a scimitar of victory, in each temple, in the public part
of the temple, they being made in the manner of Egyptian work;
and the priests should pay service to the statues in each temple
three times a day, and they should lay down sacred objects
before them and do for them the rest of the things that it is
normal to do, in accordance with what is done for the other gods
on the festivals, the processions, and the named (holi)days; and
there should be produced a cult image for King Ptolemy, the
Manifest God whose excellence is fine, son of Ptolemy and
Queen Arsinoe, the Father-loving Gods, together with the (sic)
shrine in each temple, and it should be installed in the sanctuary
with the other shrines; and when the great festivals occur, on
which the gods are taken in procession, the shrine of the
Manifest God whose excellence is fine should be taken in
procession with them; and in order that the shrine may be
recognized, now and in the rest of the times that are to come,
ten royal diadems of gold should be added - there being one
uraeus on them each, like what is normally done for the gold
diadems - on top of the shrine, instead of the uraei that are upon
the rest of the shrines; and the double crown should be in the
centre of the diadems, because it is the one with which the King
was crowned in the temple of Memphis, when there was being
done for him what is normally done at the Reception of the
Rulership; and there should be placed on the upper side of (the)
square(?) which is outside the diadems, and opposite the gold
diadem that is described above, a papyrus plant and a 'sedge'
plant; and a uraeus should be placed on a basket with a 'sedge'
under it on the right of the side on top of the shrine, and a uraeus
with a basket under it should be placed on a papyrus on the left,
the meaning of which is 'The King who has illumined Upper and
Lower Egypt'; and whereas fourth month of Shemu, last day, on
which is held the birthday of the King, has been established
already as a procession festival in the temples, likewise second
month of Peret, day 17, on which are performed for him the
ceremonies of the Reception of the Rulership - the beginning of
the good things that have happened to everyone:

the birth of the King, living
forever, and his reception of
the rulership - let these days,
the 17th and the last, become
festivals each month in all the
temples of Egypt; and there
should be performed burnt
offerings, libations, and the
rest of the things that are
normally done on the other festivals, on both festivals each
month; and what is offered in sacrifice(?) should be
distributed as a surplus(?) to the people who serve in the
temple; and a procession festival should be held in the temples and
the wholeof Egypt for King Ptolemy, living forever, the Manifest
God whose excellence is fine, each year, from first month of Akhet,
day 1, forfive days, with garlands being worn, burnt offerings and libations
being performed, and the rest of the things that it is fitting to do;
and the priests who are in each of the temples of Egypt should
be called 'The Priests of the Manifest God whose excellence is
fine' in addition to the other priestly titles, and they should write it
on every document, and they should write the priesthood of the
Manifest God whose excellence is fine on their rings and they
should engrave it on them; and it should be made possible for the
private persons also who will (so) wish, to produce the likeness of
the shrine of the Manifest God whose excellence is fine, which is
(discussed) above, and to keep it in their homes and hold the
festivals and the processions which are described above, each
year, so that it may become known that the inhabitants of Egypt
pay honour to the Manifest God whose excellence is fine in
accordance with what is normally done; and the decree should
be written on a stela of hard stone, in sacred writing, document
writing, and Greek writing, and it should be set up in the
first-class temples, the second-class temples and the third-class
temples, next to the statue of the King, living forever.


Translation by R.S. Simpson
Revised version from R.S. Simpson, Demotic Grammar in the Ptolemaic Sacerdotal Decrees (Oxford, Griffith Institute, 1996), pp. 258-71

Copyright of R.S. Simpson and the Griffith Institute

R.S. Simpson, Demotic grammar in the Ptolemaic sacerdotal decrees (Oxford, Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, 1996), pp. 258-71

 

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Hieroglyphs
Without  Mystery:
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 Writing
Cracking Codes :
The Rosetta Stone
and Decipherment
Glyphbreaker By His Own Hand
 Upon Papyrus:
A New Look at the
Joseph Smith Papyri

 


Jean François Champollion


I
n 1822 Jean François Champollion (1790-1832)
using the ROSETTA STONE,   made the decisive discovery concerning the decipherment of hieroglyphs and became
the founder of
Egyptology ...

 

 

...At the same time,
 Joseph Smith, using 
 a SEER STONE founded
 
Mormonism.

 


Joseph Smith

 

 

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