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     Excerpts from -

			
			
			
 
		
		

			




	
  IN THIS BOOK 
you'll find:
	


		--A BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO KIM PROGRAMMING: which takes the 
absolute beginner, step by step, through the fundamentals of understanding and 
writing programs... PAGE 5

		

		
--RECREATIONAL PROGRAMS: dozens of programs including games, diversions and 
educational programs; fully detailed so that you can learn from the programming 
techniques as well as have fun. All programs run on the basic KIM-1 system...
PAGE 23
		
--DIAGNOSTIC & UTILITY PROGRAMS: to help you 
test your KIM computer - to help you test other devices, 
such as cassette recorders - and to make your
KIM a more powerful machine . . . PAGE 114
		
--EXPANDING 
YOUR KIM: guidelines on how to expand your KIM from the basic small-but-powerful 
KIM-1 system to a huge-and-super-powerful machine. Understanding the jargon; 
seeing what1s available in both hardware and software. . . PAGE 143
		
--CONNECTING TO THE WORLD: an introduction to the methods by which KIM can read 
or sense other devices and can in turn control other mechanisms . . .
PACE 155
		
--POT POURRI: other useful pieces of 
information about your KIM system; reference material, hints, etc . . . PAGE 166
		
1
		

		
Additional copies may be obtained
for $9.00 postpaid from:         

ORB                   
P.O. Box 311          
Argonne, Illinois     
60439       

Quantity discounts available.    
Acknowledgements:

		
Thanks to all who have supported the KIM-1/65O2 
User Notes, from which much of this material was
taken. A special thanks to Earl Nied for the use
of his KIM interfaced [IBM] Selectric.
		
2
			

				

					

						
  
						Link:  
						

						
						
A KIM-1 Emulator:  Try it 
			yourself -
						
Submitted by a reader, Jonathan H. 
			(January 2015) -  Here's an emulator I found:
						

						The Amazing JavaScript Kim1!

						http://www.robsayers.com/jskim1/
						
  
			Link   
						KIM 
			Development for Black Jack Play
					
				
		
	
			
		
		




	
	

		

			
THE FIRST BOOK OF KIM
			
 
			
Dedicated to the person who just purchased a KIM-1
and doesn't know what to do with it .......

			
Edited By:            
Jim Butterfield
Stan Ockers Eric Rehnke 
			
copyright 1977 by F.J. Butterfield
			
3

			

				

					

						

						
Individual programs in this book were contributed by the various authors without 
			copyright restrictions. These programs may be used or copied without 
			restriction. It is, however, common courtesy to quote author and 
			source when copying; and a copy of any published material should be 
			sent directly to the author. In general, program authors welcome 
			comments, suggestions or revisions to their programs. Depending on 
			circumstances, they may not find it possible to reply to all 
			correspondence. If you develop a program that you'd like to share 
			with other KIM users, send it in to KIM/6502 User Notes, P.O. Box 
			33077, N. Royalton Ohio 44133. It might appear in User Notes .. and 
			even in a future Book of KIM. The KIM-1 microcomputer is 
			manufactured by Commodore/MOS Technology, 950 Rittenhouse Road, 
			Norristown PA 19491. It may be obtained directly from the 
			manufacturer, or from many hobbyist computer retail stores. At the 
			time of writing, the complete KIM-1 system (less power supply) sells 
			for $245. All programs in this book run on the basic KIM-1 system, 
			(two require an audio amplifier).

						
4

						
						
 
					
				
			
		
		
	


	

		

			
			
5

			A BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO KIM PROGRAMMING.

Running programs can be fun.  But writing programs can be 
even more fun .. and exasperating, and exhilarating, too!

When you get the hang of it - and it will take time -
you'll be able to create your own games, diversions, or
useful routines.  This section tries to introduce you to
the mechanics of programming, so you can find your own way
at your own speed.

Don't be afraid to use ideas from other parts of this book. 
If you like, try changing parts of a program or two and see 
what happens.  And you can borrow whole sections of coding 
from another program if it does something you want.

LOOKING AT MEMORY

Random Access Memory.

If you've just turned your KIM system on, press the 
RS (Reset) button to get things started.  Hit the following 
keys: AD (for ADDRESS) 0 0 0 0. You've just entered the 
address of memory cell 0000, the lowest numbered one in 
memory. The display will show 0000 (the number 
you entered) on the left.  On the right, you'll see the 
contents of cell 0000:  it will be a two digit number. That 
number might be anything to start with; let's change it.

Press key DA (for DATA).  Now you're ready to change the 
contents of cell 0000.  Key in 44, for example, and you'll 
see that the cell contents have changed to 44.

Hit the + button, and KIM will go to the next address. 
As you might have guessed, the address following 0000 is 
0001.  You're still in DATA mode (you hit the DA key, 
remember?), so you can change the contents of this cell.
This time, put in your lucky number, if you have one. 
Check to see that it shows on the right hand part of the 
display.

This kind of memory - the kind you can put information into 
- is called RAM, which stands for Random Access Memory. 
Random access means this: you can go to any part of memory 
you like, directly, without having to start at the lowest 
address and working your way through.  Check this by going
straight up to address 0123 and looking at its contents 
(key AD 0 1 2 3) then address 0000 (key AD 0 0 0 0), which 
should still contain the value 44 that we put there.

			
6

			Hexadecimal Numbers Now that you're back at address 0000, let's step through 
several locations using the + key. Don't worry about 
contents too much.  0001 will still contain your lucky 
number, of course, but keep stepping with the + key until 
you reach 0009.  What will the next address be?  Most people 
would think that the next number should be 0010, and that 
would be correct if KIM used the familiar decimal numbering 
scheme.  But KIM still has six more digits to go past 9,
because it uses a computer numbering scheme called
Hexadecimal.  Hit the + key and you'll see address 000A come up.

Don't let the alphabetic confuse you - to KIM, A is just 
the digit that comes after 9.  And there are more digits to 
come.  Keep pressing the + button and you'll see that A is 
followed by B, C, D, E and F.  Finally, after address 000F, 
you'll see address 0010 appear.

A word about pronunciation: don't call address 0010 "ten"; 
say "one zero" instead.  After all, it isn't the tenth value 
after 0000, it's really the sixteenth (the word Hexadecimal 
means: based on sixteen).

If you don't understand why the letters appear, don't worry
about it too much.  Just understand, for the moment, that 
the alphabetics represent genuine numbers.  So if you're 
asked to look at address 01ED, you'll know  that it's a 
legitimate address number like any other. And if you're 
told to store a value of FA in there, go right ahead -
you're just putting a number into memory.

When you get time, you'll find lots of books that explain 
Hexadecimal numbering in detail.  There's even an appendix 
in your 6502 Programming Manual on the subject. It makes 
important and worth-while reading.  But for now, just 
recognize that although the numbers may look a little 
funny, they are still exactly that: numbers. Read Only Memory So far, we've talked about one kind of memory, called RAM. 
You recall that we said that you can store numbers into 
RAM.

There's another kind of memory in KIM, but you can't store 
numbers there. It's called ROM, for Read Only Memory. This kind 
of memory contains fixed values that cannot be 
changed .

			
7

			For example, let's look at address 1C3A (key AD 1 C 3 A). 
You'll see the value 18, and that value never changes.  Try 
it: press DA 6 6 to try to change the contents to 66.  See 
how it won't work?

ROM contains pre-stored programs which do important things 
like lighting the display, detecting keyboard input, and 
reading or writing your cassette tape.  These programs are 
called the Monitor.  In fact, the name KIM stands for 
Keyboard Input Monitor in recognition of the importance of 
these programs.  We'll talk briefly about the Monitor 
programs later.

Special Memory Locations A few addresses in KIM are connected to things that aren't 
really memory at all.  You can read up on them in the KIM 
User Manual when you're ready; we'll just point out a few 
examples here.

If you try to store a number into address 1700, for 
example, you might find that instead of storing the value, 
KIM will convert it to voltages and deliver these voltages 
to certain pins on your Application Connector at the edge 
of the board!  Another example: address 1704 connects to a 
very fast timer - look at that address and you'll see 
"time going by" as a blur!

			
8

			MINI-PROGRAM A: Swap the contents of two locations.

This is our first beginner's program.

It doesn't do much: just exchanges the contents of
locations 0010 and 0011.  But it's a start, and you'll
learn quite a few things about getting KIM programs 
going.

CAUTION:  before running this or any other program, be 
sure that you have set the contents of the KIM "vector"
locations as follows:

Set address 17FA to 00
Set address 17FB to 1C
Set address 17FE to 00
Set address 17FF to 1C

The first two locations are needed so that your SST 
switch and ST key will work right The last two make the 
BRK (break) instruction behave properly.  You MUST ALWAYS 
SET UP THESE LOCATIONS AS SOON AS YOU TURN ON YOUR KIM 
SYSTEM.

Loading the Program We'll take time to describe how the program works later.
First, let's see how to load it.  A listing usually 
looks something like this:

0200 A5 10    START LDA 10   address 10 to A
0202 A6 11          LDX 11   address 11 to x
0204 85 11          STA 11   A to address 11
0206 86 10          STX 10   X to address 10
0208 00             BRK      stop the program

The business end of the program - the part that goes into
the computer - is the group of numbers on the left hand 
side.  The stuff on the right helps explain what the 
program does.

If you look at the numbers on the left, you'll see that
the first one, 0200, looks like an address.  That's exactly
what it is, and we can start by entering it with 
AD 0 2 0 0. The next number in A5, and that will be its 
contents.  So hit DA A 5, and the display will confirm 
that we've put it in.

			
9

			Keep going on the same line.  Each line of the program 
listing may contain more than one value - for more than 
one address.

The next value is 10, and it needs to go into 0201.
You don't need to enter the address.  Just hit the + 
key and there you are - enter 1 0 and you've got it. 
Notice you didn't need to hit DA; you stay in Data mode 
until you press the AD key.  Continue to the next 
line: just hit + A 6 + 1 1 and keep going until you've 
put the 00 in location 0208.  Congratulations!  You've 
loaded your first program.  Now go backand check it 
for correctness.  Hit AD 0 2 0 0 and use the + key to 
step through and check the values.

Now let's run the program and see if it works.  First,
look at the contents of addresses 0010 and 0011.  Make 
a note of them; when the program runs, it will swap
those two values.

Keep in mind that loading the program doesn't make
anything happen.  You have to run it to do the job -
and that's what we'll do next.

Running the Program Set address 0200.  That's where the first instruction 
in the program is located - you may have noticed that 
it's marked START in the listing.  Now the display 
shows 0200 A5, and we're ready to go.  So - hit GO. 
And the program will run.

Doesn't take long, does it? The display will have 
changed to 020A xx.  If the display shows any other 
address, something's wrong.  Check that your SST switch 
is off (left), that the program is entered correctly, 
and that your vectors are OK.

Your program ran in less than a fifty thousandth of a 
second. No wonder you didn't see the display 
flicker.

Now check that the program did indeed run correctly by
looking at the contents of locations 0010 and 0011.
You'll see that they have been exchanged.

			
10

			How it works

Inside the Central Processor (the heart of the 
computer) are several temporary storages called 
registers.  You can LOAD many of these registers with 
the contents of memory; and you can STORE the contents 
of the registers into memory.  The two registers we are 
using here are called A and X.

If we Load A from address 10, A now contains a copy of
the contents of 0010.  Location 0010 itself won't be
changed; it will also contain that number.  We do the
same thing when we Load X from address 0011.

Now our A and X registers contain copies of the numbers
in 0010 and 0011 respectively.  If we Store A into
address 0011, that address will now contain a copy of
the value in A - which was originally the contents of
address 0010, remember?  Finally, we Store X into 0010
to complete the swap.

Look at the listing again.  On the right hand side, we
have the program exactly as we have described it, but
abbreviated.  You can see that LDA means Load A and so
forth.  The BRK (Break) at the end stops the program.

Step by Step Let's go through the program a step at a time - 
literally.  Maybe you're satisfied that it works.  Even 
so, follow this procedure.  It will show you how to 
test any KIM program.

First go back to addresses 0010 and 0011 and put a 
couple of brand new numbers there.  This will help you 
see the computer operating.

Now set address 0200 again, but don't press GO yet.

We're going to "Single Step" our program, and see every
instruction work.  So slide the SST (Single Step) 
switch over to the right ... and then read the next 
section carefully.

			
11

			Seeing the Registers Registers A and X, plus quite a few we haven't talked 
about, are inside the 6502 microprocessor chip. There's 
no way you can view them - they are buried deep within 
the electronics.

To help you out, the KIM Monitor system will write out 
a copy of these registers into memory where you can 
inspect them.  The contents of the A register may be 
seen at address 00F3, and the contents of the X 
register at 00F5.

Don't be confused: These locations are not the actual 
registers, just copies made for your convenience.  But 
it's a great convenience, for it allows you to see 
everything that's going on inside the microprocessor.

A Small Step for a Computer, but ... If you're set up at location 0200 and your SST switch 
is on, hit the GO button once.  The display will show 
0202. That means: instruction at 0200 completed, ready 
to do the one at 0202.

Okay, let's check everything in sight. The first 
instruction was to load the A register, right? Enter 
address 00F3 and check that its contents (which 
correspond to the contents of A) are indeed the value 
from address 0010. If you like, look at 0010 and 
confirm that it hasn't changed.

NOW for a clever KIM touch.  If you're ready to proceed 
with the next instruction, hit PC (for Program Counter) 
and you'll find yourself back at address 0202, ready to 
perform the next instruction.

You've executed one instruction, performed one program 
step. Remember this: No matter how complex the program, 
it always operates one simple step at a time. And now 
you know how to check out each step, individually.

Hit GO and execute one more instruction. Check it out - 
remember that you'll find X at address 00F5.

			
12

			From this point, find your own way through the last two 
instructions.  Don't bother about the BRK (Break); 
it just stops the program.  As the two registers are 
stored, you'll want to check that the memory addresses 
have been changed as expected.

Summary The most important things that you've learned about 
coding are:

--the BRK (code 00) command stops the program;
--the SST switch causes a single instruction to be 
executed
--the internal registers can be viewed.

BUT YOU MUST SET YOUR VECTORS PROPERLY (see the 
beginning of this section) OR NONE OF THE ABOVE WILL 
WORK!

A complete list of the register image addresses can be 
found in the KIM User Guide on page 39, Fig. 3-13 - 
when you need it.

>From here on, you don't have to take anybody's word for 
any KIM operation.  You can go to your KIM, set SST, 
and try it for yourself.

Exercises 1. Can you change the program so that it swaps the 
contents of locations 0020 and 0021?

2. Billy Beginner wrote the following program to swap 
the contents of locations 0010 and 0011:

0200 A5 10   START LDA 10   put 0010 into A
0202 85 11         STA 11   store A to 0011
0204 A6 11         LDX 11   put 0011 into X
0206 86 10         STX 10   store X to 0010
0208 00            BRK      stop

It didn't work.  Can you see why?

3. Can you write a program to take the contents of 
address 0010 and place the same value in locations 
0011, 0012, and 0013?

			
13

			MINI-PROGRAM B:  Setting many locations to zero

Here's the program:

0200 A9 00   START LDA #0    value 0 into A
0202 A2 09         LDX #9    start X at 9
0204 95 30   LOOP  STA 30,X  zero into 0030+X
0206 CA            DEX       decrease X by 1
0207 10 FB         BPL LOOP  back if X positive
0209 00            BRK       stop the program

This program, when you load and run it, will set the
value of the ten locations from 0030 to 0039 to zero.

We can't give you a whole programming course here
Hopefully, you'll use the Programming Manual and the
single-step feature to trace out exactly what the
program does.   But here are a few highlights:

When we load registers A and X in the first two
instructions, we don't want to load the contents of a
memory location.  Instead, we want the actual values 0
and 9.  To do this, we use a new kind of addressing
called IMMEDIATE addressing.

Immediate addressing, when we use it, says "Don't go to 
memory; use this value."  Immediate addressing can be 
spotted two ways.  First, note the # sign that we use 
in writing the program: that signals that we are using
immediate mode addressing.  Secondly, you may have 
noticed that the computer instruction (called the Op 
Code) has changed: the previous program used code A5 
to mean LDA; now we're using A9, which also means LDA 
but signals immediate addressing.

You can - and should - use the SST feature to check 
that immediate addressing works as advertised

The instruction at 0204 uses the X register for 
INDEXING.  That means that instead o£ storing the A 
value in address 30, the computer first calculates an 
effective address by adding the contents of the X 
register to the "base address" of 30.  Since X contains 
9 the first time through, the effective address will be 
30+9 or 39 - and that's where we store our A value of 
00.  Later, X will be decreased to a value of 8, so 
we'll store into address 38.

			
14

			Indexing seems complicated, but remember that it's a 
very powerful feature of KIM.  Try to get the hang of 
it; it's well worth the effort.

The DEX instruction (Op Code CA) is the one that 
decreases X from 9 to 8 (and later to 7, 6, S and so 
on).  Eventually, as this part of the program is 
automatically repeated, X will reach a value of 00. 
Finally, when we decrement X one more time, X will go 
to value FF, which KIM "sees" as a negative number, 
kind of like the value -1.  KIM views all values in the
range 80 to FF as negative - when you're ready, the Programming Manual will tell you more.

The BPL instruction at line 0207 is a CONDITIONAL 
TEST.  BPL means Branch Plus.  If the result of our 
previous operation (Decrement X) gives us a positive, 
or plus, number, we will branch back to address 0204 
and repeat the instructions from that point.  The X 
values of 9, 8, 7 .., down through 0 are all positive 
or plus; so each time we'll go back and set one more 
location in memory to value zero.  Finally, X becomes 
equal to value FF - a negative number.  So in this 
case, BPL won't branch:  the "plus" or "positive" 
condition isn't satisfied.

This last time, since BPL doesn't take us back, we 
proceed to the following instruction, BRK, which stops 
the program.  That's OX because we've done our job of 
setting addresses 0030-0039 to value zero.

Single step the program carefully, checking the value 
of X from time to time (location 00F5, remember?).
Satisfy yourself that you can see it working.

By the way, that funny address on the branch 
instruction (F0) is a special kind of addressing mode 
called RELATIVE addressing.  All branches use it: it's 
worth reading up on.

Exercises.

1. Can you change the program to place value 55 in the 
above locations?

2. Can you change the program to place value 00 in 
locations 0030 to 0037?

3. Can you change the program to place value FF in 
locations 00A0 to 00BF?

			
15

			INTERLUDE - PROGRAM TESTING

You've met one very powerful tool for checking out 
programs - the Single Step mode of operation.  Let's 
review it and talk about a few others.

The SST mode is especially useful because you can pause 
between instructions and look at memory or registers. 
The register values are copied into memory locations 
from 00EF to 00F5, and while they are not real
registers, just copies, they are just as good for 
testing purposes.  Not only can you look at them, you 
can change them to new values.  This ability to change a 
register can be handy in solving the "what if ... " type 
of question, or shortening testing of a loop.

For example, if you are single-stepping through
mini-program B and you don't want to go around the loop
a full ten times, you might use this trick.  Go around a
couple of times to get the loop started, and then change
X (00F5) to a much lower value, say 1 or 2.  Go back to
single-stepping.  A couple more turns around the loop,
and you're out.  Using this method, you won't have set
the whole ten locations to zero, of course.  But you
will see that the loop itself is working right.

The Inserted BRK (Break) Sometimes SST seems slow.  You might have a long 
program, and you're sure that the first part is 
working.  What you want is a way to run directly through 
the first bit, and then stop and single-step the rest.

It's not hard.  Decide where you want the program to 
stop, so you can start single-stepping.  Then put a BRK 
command, code 00, at that point.

You'll have to wipe out a live instruction, of course, 
but that's OK.  You can put it back after the halt has 
happened.

Let's try doing that on mini-program B.  Let's say we 
want to run straight through to the BPL instruction at 
0207, and then single-step from that point on.

			
16

			Change 0207 (previously 10) to value 00, the BRK
command.  Now go to the beginning of the program
(0200); be sure SST is off, and hit GO.  You'll see
0209 00 on the display, which tells you that the halt
at 0207 has worked.  Now go back to 0207, put the value
of 10 (for BPL) back in, set the SST switch on, and
you're ready to step.  Easy? You bet - and you can save
lots of time this way in testing big programs.

No Operation (NOP, code EA) It sounds funny, but a very handy instruction is one 
that doesn't do anything.  When the microprocessor 
encounters Op Code EA (NOP), it does nothing - just 
passes on to the next instruction.

The biggest use of the NOP instruction is to take out 
another instruction that you don't want any more; or to 
leave room in the coding to add another instruction 
later if you need to.

Some programmers write their programs in sections, and
at first they put a BRK instruction between each
section.  That way, when they are testing, the program
will stop after each part, and they can check to see
that each part runs OK.  When they are finished
testing, they change the BRK's to NOP's and the program
will run straight through.

The ST (Stop) Key When everything is under control in program testing,
you won't need the ST key.  But sometimes the program
'gets away' on you - and the only way to find out what
it's doing is to use this key.

Let's wreck mini-program B by wiping out the DEX 
instruction.  We'll do this by replacing it with a NOP; 
so write value EA into location 0206.  What will 
happen?

When we run the program, the X register will never 
change from its starting value o£ 9 because we don't 
have a DEX instruction.  So the program will keep 
branching back to LOOP forever, and it will never 
stop.  We've created this situation artificially, of 
course, but it could have happened by oversight when we 
were writing the program.

			
17

			Set address 0200, SST off, and hit GO.  Everything goes 
dead.  Our program is running but it will never stop. 
Meanwhile, the display is dark.  This time we know why 
it's happening.  But if we didn't, how would we solve 
it?

Press ST - stop - and the computer will freeze.  The 
display will light showing the next instruction we were 
about to execute.  If we wanted to pinpoint the 
trouble, we could flip over to SST now and track the 
problem down, step by step.

A last comment on the ST button: If the display goes 
dark and pressing ST doesn't relight it, the computer 
has a different problem.  It has gone berserk due to a 
completely illegal Op Code.  Press the RS (Reset) 
button now you'll need to start over and use the BRK 
and SST features to track down the trouble,

			
18

			MINI-PROGRAM C: Displaying values

KIM has a 6-digit display.  You can show information on 
the display quite easily, if you know how.

In the KIM Monitor programs there are several packages 
called subroutines that you can call upon to do 
certain jobs.  You could write the same coding for 
these jobs yourself; but use the monitor subroutines to 
save time and trouble.

When you give the command JSR SCANDS (coded 20 1F 1F), 
the Monitor will briefly light the display with the 
data it finds in addresses 00FB, 00FA, and 00F9. 
That's three locations, each displaying as two digits, 
so the full six-digit display is filled.

"Briefly" means exactly that.  The display lights for a 
split second. To get a steady display, you must repeat 
the JSR SCANDS command over and over again.  Use a 
loop, of course; no point in filling up your program
with JSR SCANDS instructions.

You should also know that when you call this Monitor 
subroutine, the contents of your registers are wiped 
out.  So if you have something important in the A 
register that you will want to use after giving JSR
SCANDS, be sure to put it safely somewhere in memory or 
you'll lose it.  The same goes for other registers like 
as X and Y.

Here's a simple program to show 0000 00 on the 
display.  Note that we must put the value 00 into 
addresses FB, FA, and F9 before we call JSR SCANDS

0200 A9 00    START  LDA #0      zero into A
0202 85 PB           STA POINTH  first 2 digits
0204 85 FA           STA POINTL  next 2 digits
0206 85 F9           STA INH     last 2 digits
0208 20 1F 1F  LOOP  JSR SCANDS  light up!
020B 4C 08 02        JMP LOOP    do it again

			
19

			This program never ends, so eventually you'll have to 
stop it with the RS or ST keys.  See how the last 
instruction jumps back to address 0208 so the display 
is lit continuously?  Another interesting point: see 
how the jump address at 020B is "backwards" - 08 02 
instead of 0208? This is called "low order first" 
addressing and you'll see a lot of it on the KIM 
system.

The single-step feature doesn't work too well on 
Monitor subroutines. That's normal, and it's not 
serious.  These subroutines are well tested and
dependable, so you shouldn't need to use SST with 
them.

Exercises l. Can you change the program to make the display show 
5555 55?

2. Can you write a program to make the display show 
1234 56?

3, How about a program to show the word EFFACE? or 
FACADE? or COOCOO?







			
20

			MINI-PROGRAM D: reading the keypad

To read the KIM pushbuttons you have another Monitor 
subroutine called GETKEY.  You "call" it with 
JSR GETKEY (20 6A 1F).  This subroutine will give you 
the identity of the key that is being pressed at that 
moment as a value in the A register.  You can continue 
by using this value any way you want.  If no key is 
being pressed at the time, you'll get a value of 15 in 
A.

There are a couple of cautions on the use of 
JSR GETKEY.  First, you must not be in Decimal Mode. 
If you're not sure about this, give a CLD (D8) 
instruction at the beginning of your program. 
Secondly, before giving JSR GETKEY, you must "open up 
the channel" from the keyboard with either one of two 
subroutines:  JSR SCANDS or JSR KEYIN.  You've met 
JSR SCANDS before: it's used to light the display.  If 
you don't want to light the display, use JSR KEYIN 
(20 40 1F) before using JSR GETKEY.

This program reads the keyboard and displays what it 
sees:

0200 D8       START CLD         clr dc mode
0201 A9 00          LDA #0      zero into A
0203 85 FB    STORE STA POINTH
0205 85 FA          STA POINTL
0207 85 F9          STA INH
0209 20 1F 1F       JSR SCANDS  light display
020C 20 6A 1F       JSR GETKEY  test keys
020F 4C 03 02       JMP STORE Exercises.

1. Do you think that the instruction at 0201 is really
needed?  Try removing it (change 0201 and 0202 to EA)
and see.

2. What values do you get for the alphabetic keys? For
keys like PC and GO?  Are there any keys that don't
work with JSR GETKEY?

3. Try running in decimal mode (change 0200 to SED, 
code F8). What happens?  Is it serious?  How about key 
F?

4. Can you change the program so that only the last 
digit of the display changes with the keyboard? 
			
21

			CONCLUSION

You've reached the end of our little Beginner's Guide. 
But you've only started on the road towards 
understanding programming.

Use the tools we have given you here to forge your own 
path.  KIM is a very rich machine.  You have 56 Op 
Codes to choose from, and many powerful addressing 
combinations.  You don't need to learn them all right 
away, hut when you need them, they'll be there.

The KIM Programming 
Manual makes good reading.  Don't
try to go through the whole thing at one sitting.  Stop 
and try a few things; you have the Single Step feature 
to help you understand what each instruction really 
does.

Try leafing through - or stepping through - other 
people's programs, to understand what makes them tick. 
Change the coding, if you like, to see what happens. 
When you see a program that does something you want to do,
borrow the coding - you don't need to re-invent the 
wheel.

Don't be discouraged when your program doesn't work on 
the first try.  Even experts have to spend time getting 
the "bugs" out of their coding.  It's part of the 
game:  Think of yourself as Sherlock Holmes, 
methodically tracking down the elusive villains.

A proverb says that a journey of a thousand miles 
starts with the first step.  In the same way, the 
biggest programs still operate one step at a time.

So forge ahead at your own speed.  Communicate with 
other KIM owners; you'll have a lot of information 
to swap.

But most of all:  have fun,








			
22

			
			
			
23

			Addition
			
			
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
			DIRECTIONS -

HERE'S A HANDY LITTLE ADDING MACHINE PROGRAM.  KIM BECOMES
A SIX DIGIT ADDER.  "GO" CLEARS THE TOTAL SO YOU CAN START
OVER.  THEN ENTER A NUMBER AND HIT THE PLUS KEY TO ADD IT
TO THE PREVIOUS TOTAL.  IF YOU MAKE A MISTAKE IN ENTERING
A NUMBER, JUST HIT THE "0" KEY SEVERAL TIMES AND ROLL THE
BAD NUMBER OUT BEFORE ENTERING THE CORRECTION.  NO OVERFLOW
INDICATOR, AND NO SUBTRACTION OR MULTIPLICATION - MAYBE YOU
WOULD LIKE TO TRY YOUR HAND AT ADDING THESE. THE PROGRAM 
IS FULLY RELOCATABLE.



0200 20 1F 1F START JSR SCANDS     light disnlay
0203 20 6A 1F       JSR GETKEY     read keyboard
0206 C5 60          CMP PREV       same as last tine?
0208 F0 F6          BEQ START      yes, skip
020A 85 60          STA PREV       no, save new key
020C C9 0A          CMP #$0A       numeric key?
020E 90 29          BCC NUM        yes,branch
0210 C9 13          CMP #$13       GO key?
0212 F0 18          BEQ DOGO       yes, branch
02l4 C9 12          CMP #$12       +key?
0216 D0 E8          BNE START      no, invalid key
0218 F8 18          SED CLC        prepare to add
02AA A2 FD          LDX #$FD       minus 3; 3 digits
021C B5 FC    ADD   LDA POINTH+l,X display digit
021E 75 65          ADC ACCUM+3,X  add total
0220 95 FC          STA POINTH+1,X total to display
0222 95 65          STA ACCUM+3,X  & to total accum
0224 E8             INX            next digit
0225 30 F5          BMI ADD        last digit?
0227 86 61          STX FLAG       flag total-in-display
0229 D8             CLD
022A 10 D4          BPL START      return to start
022C A9 00    DOGO  LDA #$0        set flaG for
022E 85 61          STA FLAG       total-in-display
0230 A2 02          LDX #2         for 3 digits...
0232 95 F9    CLEAR STA INH,X      clear display
0234 CA             DEX            next digit
0235 10 FB          DPL CLEAR      last digit?
0237 30 C7          BMI START      finished, back to go
0239 A4 61    NUM   LDY FLAG       total-in-display?
023B D0 0F          BNE PASS       no, add new digit
023D E6 61          INC FLAG       Clear t-i-d flag
023F 48             PHA            save key
0240 A2 02          LDX #2         3 digits to move 
			
24

			0242 B5 F9    MOVE  LDA INH,X      get display digit
0244 95 62          STA ACCUM,X    copy to total Accum
0246 94 F9          STY INH,X      clear display
0248 CA             DEX            next digit
0249 10 F7          BPL MOVE       last digit?
024B 68             PLA            recall key
024C 0A 0A    PASS  ASL A ASL A    move digit..
024E 0A 0A          ASL A ASL A    ..into position
0250 A2 04          LDX #4         4 bits
0252 0A       SHIFT ASL A          move bit from A
0253 26 F9          ROL INH        ..to INH..
0255 26 FA          ROL POINTL     ..to rest of
0257 26 FB          ROL POINTL         display
0259 CA             DEX            nuxt bit
025A D0 F6          BNE SHIFT      last bit?
025C F0 A2          BEQ START      yes. back to start 
			
xxxxx HEX DUMP - ADDITION XXXXX
			0200 20 1F 1F 20 6A 1F C5 60 F0 F6 85 60 C9 0A 90 29
0210 C9 13 F0 18 C9 12 D0 E8 F8 18 A2 FD B5 FC 75 65
0220 95 FC 95 65 E8 30 F5 86 61 D8 10 D4 A9 00 85 61
0230 A2 02 95 F9 CA 10 FB 30 C7 A4 61 D0 0F E6 61 48
0240 A2 02 B5 F9 95 62 94 F9 CA 10 F7 68 0A 0A 0A 0A
0250 A2 04 0A 26 F9 26 FA 26 FB CA D0 F6 F0 A2







NOTE:    WHENEVER SPACE PERMITS, A HEX DUMP OF THE
PROGRAMS LISTED WILL BE GIVEN.  THESE DUMPS
WERE TAKEN FROM ACTUAL RUNNING PROGRAMS.  SO,
IF THERE IS A DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THE LISTING
AND THE DUMP, THE LISTING IS MOST PROBABLY IN
ERROR. 
			
25

			
BY STAN OCKERS
			Asteroid

			YOU ARE PILOTING YOUR SPACECRAFT BETWEEN MARS AND JUPITER WHEN
YOU ENCOUNTER A DENSE PORTION OF THE ASTEROID BELT.  PRESS KEY
ZERO TO MOVE LEFT, THREE TO MOVE RIGHT.  WHEN YOUR CRAFT IS HIT
THE DISPLAY WILL GIVE A NUMBER TO INDICATE HOW SUCESSFUL YOU
WERE.  THE PROGRAM STARTS AT 0200.


0200 A9 00               LDA #$00      ...INITIALIZE COUNTER...
0202 85 F9               STA 00F9
0204 85 FA               STA 00FA
0206 85 FB               STA 00FB
0208 A2 06               LDX #$06      ...INITIALIZE 00E2-00EB
020A BD CE 02 INIT       LDA 02CE,X
020D 95 E2               STA 00E2,X
020F CA                  DEX
0210 10 F8               BPL INIT
0212 A5 E8    TOGG       LDA 00E8      ...TOGGLE 00E8...
0214 49 FF               EOR #$FF
0216 85 E8               STA 00E8      (FLASHER FLAG)
0218 A2 05               LDX #$05      DELAY BETWEEN FLASHES
021A 20 48 02 LITE       JSR DISP      DISPLAY AND..
021D 20 97 02            JSR CHEK      CHECK FOR MATCH
0220 CA                  DEX
0221 D0 F7               BNE LITE
0223 20 40 1F            JSR KEYIN     SET DIRECTIONAL REGS.
0226 20 6A 1F            JSR GETKEY    GET KEYBOARD ENTRY
0229 C9 15               CMP #$15      A VALID KEY?
022B 10 E5               BPL TOGG      NO
022D C9 00               CMP #$00      KEY 0?
022F F0 06               BEQ LEFT      YES, GO LEFT
0231 C9 03               CMP #$03      KEY 3?
0233 F0 0A               BEQ RT        YES, GO RIGHT
0235 D0 0B               BNE TOGG      NOT A VALID KEY
0237 06 E7    LEFT       ASL 00E7      SHIFT CRAFT LEFT
0239 A9 40               LDA #$40      LEFT HAND EDGE?
023B C5 E7               CMP 00E7
023D D0 D3               BNE TOGG      NO, RETURN
023F 46 E7    RT         LSR 00E7      SHIFT RIGHT
0241 D0 CF               BNE TOGG      NOT RIGHT SIDE, RETURN
0243 38                  SEC           OFF EDGE, RETURN TO
0244 26 E7               ROL 00E7      RIGHT SIDE
0246 D0 CA               BNE TOGG      RETURN
*** DISPLAY SUBROUTINE ***
0248 A9 7F    DISP       LDA #$7F      PORT TO OUTPUT
024A 8D 41 17            STA 1741
0240 A9 09               LDA #$09      INIT. DIGIT
024F 8D 42 17            STA 1742
0252 A9 20               LDA #$20      BIT POSITION TO
0254 85 E0                STA 00E0      6TH BIT
0256 A0 02    BIT        LDY #$02      3 BYTES
0258 A9 00               LDA #$00      ZERO CHARACTER
025A 85 El               STA 00El 
			
26

			025C B1 E2    BYTE       LDA (00E2),Y  GET BYTE
025E 25 E0               AND 00E0      NITH BIT = 1?
0260 F0 07               BEQ HOBT      NO, SKIP
0262 A5 El               LDA 00El      YES, UPDATE
0264 19 E4  00           ORA 00E4,Y    CHARACTER
0267 85 E1               STA 00El
0269 88                  DEY
D26A 10 F0               BPL BYTE      NEXT BYTE
026C A5 E1               LDA 00E1      CHAR. IN ACCUM.
026E C4 E8               CPY 00E8      SHIP ON?
0270 D0 08               BNE DIGT      NO, SKIP
0272 A4 E0               LDY 00E0      IS THIS SHIP
0274 C4 E7               CPY 00E7      DIGIT?
0276 D0 02               BNE DIGT      NO, SKIP
0278 09 08               ORA #$08      ADD IN SHIP
027A 8D 40 17 DIGT       STA 1740      LIGHT DIGIT
027D A9 30               LDA #$30      DELAY (DIGIT ON)
027F 8D 06 17            STA 1706
0282 AD 07 17 DELA       LDA 1707      TIME UP?
0285 F0 FB               BEQ DELA      NO
0287 A9 00               LDA #$00      TURN OFF SEGMENTS
0289 8D 40 17            STA 1740
028C EE 42 17            INC 1742      SHIFT TO NEXT DIGIT
028F EE 42 17            INC 1742
0292 46 E0               LSR 00ED      SHIFT TO NEXT BIT
0294 D0 C0               BNE BIT       MORE BITS
0296 60                  RTS
**** CHECK SUBROUTINE ****
0297 C6 E9    CHES       DEC 00E9      DEC. TIMES THRU COUNT
0299 D0 1A               BNE MORE      SKIP IF NOT 48TH TIME
029B A9 30               LDA #$20      RESET TIMES THRU COUNT
029D 85 E9               STA 00E9
029F 8A                  TXA           SAVE X
02AO 48                  PHA
02A1 A2 FD               LDX #$FD      NEGATIVE 3 IN X
02A3 F8                  SED           DECIMAL MODE
02A4 38                  SEC           (TO ADD ONE)
02A5 B5 FC    NXTB       LDA 00FC,X    ..INCREMENT COUNTER
02A7 69 00               ADC #$00      WHICH IS MADE OF BYTES
02A9 95 FC               STA 00FC,X    IN DISPLAY AREA (00F9-
02AB E8                  INX           00FB)..
02AC D0 F7               BNE NXTB      NEXT BYTE
02AE D8                  CLD
02AF 68                  PLA           RETURN X
02B0 AA                  TAX
02B1 E6 E2               INC 00E2      ..SET UP FOR NEXT GROUP
02B3 A5 E2               LDA 00E2      OF BYTES..
02B5 C9 30    MORE       CMP #$30      ALL GROUPS FINISHED?
02B7 F0 09               BEQ RECY      YES, RECYCLE ASTR. FIELD
02B9 A0 00     MATCH     LDY #$00      SHIP - ASTEROID MATCH?
02BB A5 E7               LDA 00E7      LOAD CRAFT POSITION
02BD 31 E2               AND 00E2,Y    AND WITH ASTEROID BYTE
02BF D0 07               BNE FIN       IF MATCH, YOU'VE HAD IT
02C1 60                  RTS           EXIT MATCH SUBROUTINE 
			
27

			02C2 A9 00    RECY       LDA #$00      GO THRU ASTEROID FIELD
02C4 85 E2               STA 00E2      AGAIN
02C6 F0 F1               BEQ MATCH     UNCONDITIONAL BRANCH
02C8 20 1F 1F FIN        JSR SCANDS    DISPLAY COUNT
02CB 4C C8 02            JMP FIN       CONTINUOUSLY

02CE D5       LOW POINTER, ASTEROID BELT
02CF 02       HIGH POINTER, ASTEROID BELT
02D0 08       MASK, BOTTOM SEGMENT
02D1 40       MASK, MIDDLE SEGMENT
02D2 0l       MASK, TOP SEGMENT
02D3 04       CRAFT POSITION
02D4 FF       FLAG (SHIP ON)

***** ASTEROID FIELD *****

02D5-  00 00 00 04 00 08 00 06 12 00 11 00 05 00 2C 00
02E5-  16 00 29 00 16 00 2B 00 26 00 19 00 17 00 38 00
02F5-  2E 00 09 00 lB 00 24 00 15 00 39 00 0D 00 21 00
0305-  10 00 00

***** HEX DUMP - ASTEROID *****


0200-  A9 00 85 F9 85 FA 85 FB A2 06 BD CE 02 95 E2 CA
0210-  10 F8 A5 E8 49 FF 85 E8 A2 05 20 48 02 20 97 02
0220-  CA D0 F7 20 40 1F 20 6A 1F C9 15 10 E5 C9 00 F0
0230-  06 C9 03 F0 0A D0 DB 06 E7 A9 40 C5 E7 D0 D3 46
0240-  E7 D0 CF 38 26 E7 D0 CA A9 7F 8D 41 17 A9 09 8D
0250-  42 17 A9 20 85 E0 A0 02 A9 00 85 E1 B1 E2 25 E0
0260-  F0 07 A5 E1 19 E4 00 85 E1 88 10 F0 A5 E1 C4 E8
0270-  D0 08 A4 E0 C4 E7 D0 02 09 08 8D 40 17 A9 30 8D
0280-  06 17 AD 07 17 F0 FB A9 00 8D 40 17 EE 42 17 EE
0290-  42 17 46 E0 D0 C0 60 C6 E9 D0 1A A9 30 85 E9 8A
02A0-  48 A2 FD F8 38 B5 FC 69 00 95 FC E8 D0 F7 D8 68
02B0-  AA E6 E2 A5 E2 C9 30 F0 09 A0 00 A5 E7 31 E2 D0
02C0-  07 60 A9 00 85 E2 F0 Fl 20 1F 1F 4C C8 02 D5 02
02D0-  08 40 01 04 FF 00 00 00 04 00 08 00 06 12 00 11
02E0-  00 05 00 2C 00 16 00 29 00 16 00 2B 00 26 00 19
02F0-  00 17 00 38 00 2E 00 09 00 1B 00 24 00 15 00 39
0300-  00 0D 00 21 00 10 00 00



CHANGES -
YOU CAN MAKE YOUR OWN ASTEROID FIELD STARTING AT 02D5.  THE
GROUP COUNT, (0286), WILL HAVE TO BE CHANGED IF THE FIELD SIZE
DIFFERS.  THE SPEED OF THE CRAFT MOVING THROUGH THE FIELD IS
CONTROLLED BY 027E. WHAT ABOUT A VARYING SPEED, SLOW AT FIRST
AND SPEEDING UP AS YOU GET INTO THE FIELD? WHAT ABOUT A FINAL
"DESTINATION COUNT" AND A SIGNAL TO INDICATE YOU HAVE REACHED
YOUR DESTINATION? HOW ABOUT ALLOWING A HIT OR TWO BEFORE YOU
ARE FINALLY DISABLED? 
			
28

			
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
			
Bagels
			
DIRECTIONS -

THE COMPUTER HAS CHOSEN FOUR LETTERS, ALL OF WHICH ARE 
A,B,C,D,E, OR F.  LETTERS MAY BE REPEATED - FOR EXAMPLE, 
THE COMPUTER'S "SECRET COMBINATION" MIGHT BE CACF OR BBBB.
YOU GET TEN GUESSES. EACH TIME YOU GUESS, THE COMPUTER 
WILL TELL YOU TWO THINGS: HOW MANY LETTERS ARE EXACTLY CORRECT 
(THE RIGHT LETTER IN THE RIGHT PLACE); AND HOW MANY LETTERS 
ARE CORRECT BUT IN THE WRONG POSITION.
FOR EXAMPLE, IF THE COMPUTER'S SECRET COMBINATION IS 
CBFB AND YOU GUESS BAFD, THE TWO NUMBERS WILL BE 1 AND 1 
(THE 'F' MATCHES EXACTLY; THE 'B' MATCHES BUT IN THE WRONG PLACE).
THESE NUMBERS WILL SHOW ON THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE OF THE DISPLAY; 
THE CODE YOU ENTERED WILL APPEAR ON THE LEFT.
MAKE A NOTE OF YOUR GUESSES AND THE COMPUTER'S RESPONSES. 
WITH A LITTLE MENTAL WORK, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO BREAK THE 
CODE EXACTLY IN SEVEN OR EIGHT WORDS. A CORRECT GUESS WILL 
PRODUCE A RESPONSE OF '4-0'. IF YOU DON'T GUESS RIGHT IN 
TEN MOVES, THE COMPUTER WILL GIVE YOU THE ANSWER.
AFTER A CORRECT GUESS, OR AFTER THE COMPUTER TELLS YOU 
THE ANSWER, IT WILL START A NEW GAME (WITH A NEW SECRET CODE) 
THE INSTANT YOU TOUCH A NEW KEY.

0200 E6 16    GO     INC RND+4      randomize
0202 20 40 1F        JSR KEYIN      'on' pushbutton delay
0205 D0 F9           BNE GO
0207 D8              CLD
0208 A9 0A    NEW    LDA #$0A       ten guesses/game
020A 85 18           STA COUNT      new game starting
020C A9 03           LDA #3         create 4 mystery codes
020E 85 10           STA POINTR
0210 38       RAND   SEC            one plus...
0211 A5 13           LDA RND+1      ...three previous
0213 65 16           ADC RND+4      random numbers
0215 65 17           ADC RND+5
0217 85 12           STA RND        =new random value
0219 A2 04           LDX #4
021B B5 12    RLP    LDA RND,X      move random numbers over
021D 95 13           STA RND+1,X
021F CA              DEX
0220 10 F9           BPL RLP
0222 A6 10           LDX POINTR
0224 A0 C0           LDY #$C0       divide by 6
0226 84 11           STY MOD        keeping remainder
0228 A0 06           LDY #6
022A C5 11    SET    CMP MOD
022C 90 02           BCC PASS
022E E5 11           SBC MOD
0230 46 11    PASS   LSR MOD
0232 88              DEY
0233 D0 F5           BNE SET        continues division
0235 18              CLC
0236 69 0A           ADC #$0A       random value A to F 
			
29

			0238 95 00           STA SECRET,X
023A C6 10           DEC POINTR
023C 10 D2           BPL RAND
023E C6 18    GUESS  DEC COUNT      new guess starts here
0240 30 7A           BMI FINISH     ten guesses?
0242 A9 00           LDA #0
0244 A2 0C           LDX #$0C       clear from WINDOW...
0246 95 04    WIPE   STA WINDOW,X   ...to POINTR
0248 CA              DEX
0249 10 FB           BPL WIPE
;
;      WAIT FOR KEY TO BE DEPRESSED
;
024B 20 CE 02 WAIT   JSR SHOW
024E F0 FB           BEQ WAIT
0250 20 CE 02        JSR SHOW
0253 F0 F6           BEQ WAIT       debounce key
0255 A5 08           LDA WINDOW+4   new guess?
0257 F0 08           BEQ RESUME     no, input digit
0259 29 60           AND #$60
025B 49 60           EOR #$60       previous game finished?
025D F0 A9           BEQ NEW        ...yes, new game;
025F D0 DD           BNE GUESS      ...no, next guess
0261 20 6A 1F ESUME  JSR GETKEY
0264 C9 10           CMP #$10       guess must be in
0266 B0 E3           BCS WAIT       range A to F
0268 C9 0A           CMP #$0A
026A 90 DF           BCC WAIT
026C A8              TAY
026D A6 10           LDX POINTR     zero to start
026F E6 10           INC POINTR
0271 B9 E7 1F        LDA TABLE,Y    segment pattern
0274 95 04           STA WINDOW,X
0276 98              TYA
0277 D5 00           CMP SECRET,X   exact match?
0279 D0 03           BNE NOTEX
027B E6 0E           INC EXACT
027D 8A              TXA            destroy input
027E 95 0A    NOTEX  STA INPUT,X
0280 A5 07           LDA WINDOW+3   has fourth digit arrived?
0282 F0 31           BEQ BUTT       ...no
0284 A0 03           LDY #3         ...yes, calculate matches
0286 B9 0A 00 STEP   LDA INPUT,Y     for each digit:
0289 29 18           AND #$18       has it already been
028B F0 12           BEQ ON         matched?
028D B9 00 00        LDA SECRET,Y
0290 A2 03           LDX #3         if not, test
0292 D5 0A    LOOK   CMP INPUT,X    ...against input
0294 F0 05           BEQ GOT
0296 CA              DEX
0297 10 F9           BPL LOOK
0299 30 04           BMI ON
029B E6 0F    GOT    INC MATCH      increment counter
029D 16 0A           ASL INPUT,X    and destroy input
029F 88       ON     DEY
02A0 10 E4           BPL STEP 
			
30

			02A2 A2 01           LDX #1         display counts
02A4 B4 0E    TRANS  LDY EXACT,X
02A6 B9 E7 1F        LDA TABLE,Y
02A9 95 08           STA WINDOW+4,X
02AB CA              DEX
02AC 10 F6           BPL TRANS
02AE 20 CE 02 DELAY  JSR SHOW       long pause for debounce
02B1 E6 0F           INC MATCH
02B3 D0 F9           BNE DELAY
02B5 20 CE 02 BUTT   JSR SHOW       wait for key release
02B8 D0 FB           BNE BUTT
02BA F0 8F           BEQ WAIT
;
;      TEN GUESSES MADE - SHOW ANSWER
;
02BC A2 03    FINISH LDX #3
02BE B4 00    FIN2   LDY SECRET,X
02C0 B9 E7 1F        LDA TABLE,Y
02C3 95 04           STA WINDOW,X
02C5 CA              DEX
02C6 10 F6           BPL FIN2
02C8 A9 E3           LDA #$C3       'square' flag
02CA 85 08           STA WINDOW+4
02CC D0 E0           BNE DELAY      unconditional jump
;
;      SUBROUTINE TO DISPLAY
;      AND TEST KEYBOARD
;
02CE A0 13    SHOW   LDY #$13
02D0 A2 05           LDX #5
02D2 A9 7F           LDA #$7F
02D4 8D 41 17        STA PADD
02D7 B5 04    LITE   LDA WINDOW,X
02D9 8D 40 17        STA SAD
02DC 8C 42 17        STY SBD
02DF E6 11    POZ    INC MOD        pause loop
02E1 D0 FC           BNE POZ
02E3 88              DEY
02E4 88              DEY
02E5 CA              DEX
02E6 10 EF           BPL LITE
02E8 20 40 1F        JSR KEYIN
02EB 60              RTS
END

Program notes:

1. Program enforces a pause of about 4 seconds after 
displaying counts or answer. This guards against 
display being "missed" due to bounce, or hasty keying.

2. After count displayed, or at end of game(s), user 
can blank display, if desired, by pressing GO or 
any numeric key.  Game operation is not affected,
but user may feel it 'separates' games better.

			
31

			3. When a digit from the user's guess is matched, it 
is destroyed so that it will not be matched again. 
There are two significantly different types of 
'destruction', however (at 27D and 29D); the test 
at label STEP is sensitive to which one is used.

;
;       LINKAGES TO KIM MONITOR
;
KEYIN   =$1F40
GETKEY  =$1F6A
TABLE   =$1FE7
PADD    =$1741
SBD     =$1742
SAD     =$1740
;
;       WORK AREAS
;
0000             SECRET  *=*+4   computer's secret code
0004             WINDOW  *=*+6   display window
000A             INPUT   *=*+4   player's input area
000E             EXACT   *=*+1   # of exact matches
000F             MATCH   *=*+1   # of other matches
0010             POINTR  *=*+1   digit being input
0011             MOD     *=*+1   divisor/delay flag
0012             RND     *=*+6   random number series
0018             COUNT   *=*+1   number of guesses left


***** HEX DUMP FOR 'BAGELS *****

0200 E6 16 20 40 1F D0 F9 D8 A9 0A 85 18 A9 03 85 10
0210 38 A5 13 65 16 65 17 85 12 A2 04 B5 12 95 13 CA
0220 10 F9 A6 10 A0 C0 84 11 A0 06 C5 11 90 02 E5 11
0230 46 11 88 D0 F5 18 69 0A 95 00 C6 10 10 D2 C6 18
0240 30 7A A9 00 A2 0C 95 04 CA 10 FB 20 CE 02 F0 FB
0250 20 CE 02 F0 F6 A5 08 F0 08 29 60 49 60 F0 A9 D0
0260 DD 20 6A 1F C9 10 B0 E3 C9 0A 90 DF A8 A6 10 E6
0270 10 B9 E7 1F 95 04 98 D5 00 D0 03 E6 0E 8A 95 0A
0280 A5 07 F0 31 A0 03 B9 0A 00 29 18 F0 12 B9 00 00
0290 A2 03 D5 0A F0 05 CA 10 F9 30 04 E6 0F 16 0A 88
02A0 10 E4 A2 01 B4 0E B9 E7 1F 95 08 CA 10 F6 20 CE
02B0 02 E6 0F D0 F9 20 CE 02 D0 FB F0 8F A2 03 B4 00
02C0 B9 E7 1F 95 04 CA 10 F6 A9 E3 85 08 D0 E0 A0 13
02D0 A2 05 A9 7F 8D 41 17 B5 04 8D 40 17 8C 42 17 E6
02E0 11 D0 FC 88 88 CA 10 EF 20 40 1F 60 
			
32

			LABEL TABLE FOR PROGRAM 'BAGELS'
Address Label Where used

02B5 BUTT    0282 02B8
0018 COUNT   020A 023E
02AE DELAY   02B3 02CC
000E EXACT   027B 02A4
02BE FIN2    02C6
02BC FINISH  0240
1F6A GETKEY  0261
0200 GO      0205
029B GOT     0294
023E GUESS   025F
000A INPUT   027E 0286 0292 029D
1F40 KEYIN   0202 02E8
02D7 LITE    02E6
0292 LOOK    0297
000F MATCH   0298 02B1
0011 MOD     0226 022A 022E 0230 02DF
0208 NEW     025D
027E NOTEX   0279
029F ON      0299
1741 PADD    02D4
0230 PASS    022C
0010 POINTR  020E 0222 023A 026D 026W
02DF POZ     02E1
0210 RAND    023C
0261 RESUME  0257
021B RLP     0220
0012 RND     0200 0211 0213 0215 0217 021B 021D
1740 SAD     02D9
1742 SED     O2DC
0000 SECRET  0238 0277 028D 028E
022A SET     0233
02CE SHOW    024B 0250 02AE 02B5
0286 STEP    02A0
1FE7 TABLE   0271 02A6 02C0
02A4 TRANS   02AC
024B WAIT    024B 0253 0266 026A 02BA
0246 WIPE    0249
0004 WINDOW  0246 0255 0274 0280 02A9 02C3 O2CA 02D7



Label tables, when available, are often useful
for studying a program. For each label (alphabetically 
arranged) you can see, on the left, the address
belonging to the label; and on the right, where the
label is used in the program. 
			
33

			
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
			Bandit

			Start the Program at 0200 and on the right, you'll see the $25
that KIM has given you to play with, The funny symbols on the
left are your "wheels" - hit any key and see them spin.

Every time you spin the wheels by hitting a key it costs you $1.
When the wheels stop, you might have a winning combination,
in which case you'll see money being added to your total
on the right. Most of the time, you'll get nothing ...
but that's the luck of the game.

The biggest Jackpot is $15:  that's three bars across the
display. Other combinations pay off, too; you'll soon learn
to recognize the "cherry" symbol, which pays $2 every time
it shows in the left hand window.

There's no house percentage, so you can go a long time on
your beginning $25. The most you can make is $99; and if
you run out of money, too bad;  KIM doesn't give credit.






BANDIT       MICRO-WARE     ASSEMBLER 65XX-1.0 PAGE 01



0010:
0020:                       ******************************
0030:                       ***** ONE ARMED BANDIT   *****
0040:                       ***** BY JIM BUTTERFIELD *****
0050:                       ******************************
0060:
0070: 02D1                  WINDOW *     $0000  DISPLAY WINDOW
0080: 02D1                  AMT    *     $0005  CASH CACHE
0090: 02D1                  ARROW  *     $0006
0100: 02D1                  RWD    *     $0007  REWARD
0110: 02D1                  STALLA *     $0008  WAIT WHILE
0120: 02D1                  TUMBLE *     $0009
0130:
0140:                       LINKAGES TO KIM
0150:
0160: 02D1                  KEYIN  *     $1F40  IS KEY DEPRESSED?
0170: 02D1                  PADD   *     $1741
0180: 02D1                  SAD    *     $1740
0190: 02D1                  SBD    *     $1742
0200: 02D1                  TABLE  *     $IFE7  HEX:7 SEG 
			
34

			0210:
0220:                MAIN PROGRAM
0230:
0240: 0200           BANDIT ORG   $0200
0250: 0200 A9 25     GO     LDAIM $25    GIVE HIM $25
0260: 0202 85 05            STA   AMT    TO START WITH
0270: 0204 20 BA 02         JSR   CVAMT  AND SHOW IT TO HIM.
0280: 0207 A9 00            LDAIM $00    RESET ARROW.
0290: 0209 85 06            STA   ARROW
0300:
0310:                MAIN   DISPLAY LOOP
0320:
0330: 020B 20 8D 02  LPA    JSR   DISPLY DISPLAY UNTIL
0340: 020E D0 FB            BNE   LPA    [GO] IS RELEASED.
0350: 0210 E6 09     ROLL   INC   TUMBLE RANDOMIZE TUMBLE.
0360: 0212 20 8D 02         JSR   DISPLY DISPLAY UNTIL
0370: 0215 F0 F9            BEQ   ROLL   A KEY 19 HTT.
0380:
0390: 0217 A9 03            LDAIM $03
0400: 0219 85 06            STA   ARROW
0410: 0210 F8               SED
0420: 021C 38               SEC
0430: 021D A5 05            LDA   AMT
0440: 021F E9 01            SBCIM $01    CHARGE ONE BUCK.
0450: 0221 85 05            STA   AMT
0460: 0223 20 BA 02         JSR   CVAMT  CONVERT FOR LED.
0470: 0226 26 09            ROL   TUMBLE
0480:
0490: 0228 20 8D 02  LPB    JSR   DISPLY
0500: 022B C6 08            DEC   STALLA DISPLAY A WHILE.
0510: 022D D0 F9            BNE   LPB
0520: 022F A6 06            LDX   ARROW
0530: 0231 A5 09            LDA   TUMBLE    MAKE A
0540: 0233 29 06            ANDIM $06       RESULT
0550: 0235 09 40            ORAIM $40
0560:
0570: 0237 95 01            STAAX WINDOW+01
0580: 0239 46 09            LSR   TUMBLE
0590: 023B 46 09            LSR   TUMBLE DO ALL
0600: 023D C6 06            DEC   ARROW  3 WINDOWS.
0610: 023F D0 E7            BNE   LPB
0620:
0630:                ALL WHEELS STOPPED COMPUTE PAYOFF
0640:
0650: 0241 A5 04            LDA   WINDOW+04
0660: 0243 C5 03            CMP   WINDOW+03 CHECK FOR
0670: 0245 D0 37            BNE   NOMAT     A MATCH.
0680: 0247 C5 02            CMP   WINDOW+02
0690: 0249 D0 33            BNE   NOMAT
0700: 024B A2 10            LDXIM $10
0710: 024D C9 40            CMPIM $40    PAY $15 FOR 3 BARS
0720: 024F F0 0D            BEQ   PAY
0730: 0251 A2 0B            LDXIM $08
0740: 0253 C9 42            CMPIM $42    PAY $10 FOR 3 UPS
0750: 0255 F0 07            BEQ   PAY
0760: 0257 A2 06            LDXIM $06
0770: 0259 C9 44            CMPIM $44    PAY $5 FOR 3 DOWNS
0780: 025B F0 01            BEQ   PAY
0790: 025D CA               DEX 
			
35

			0800:
0810:                A WIN!!! PAY AMOUNT IN X
0820:
0830: 025E 86 07     PAY    STX   RWD    HIDE REWARD
0840: 0260 A9 80     PAX    LDAIM $80
0850: 0262 85 08            STA   STALLA
0860: 0264 20 8D 02  LPC    JSR   DISPLY   DISPLAY
0870: 0267 C6 08            DEC   STALLA   FOR A HALF
0880: 0269 D0 F9            BNE   LPC      A WHILE.
0890: 026B C6 07            DEC   RWD
0900: 026D F0 9C            BEQ   LPA
0910: 026F 18               CLC          SLOWLY ADD
0920: 0270 F8               SED          THE PAYOFF
0930: 0271 A5 05            LDA   AMT    TO THE AM'T.
0940: 0273 69 01            ADCIM $01
0950: 0275 B0 94            BCS   LPA
0960: 0277 85 05            STA   AMT
0970: 0279 20 BA 02         JSR   CVAMT
0980: 027C D0 E2            BNE   PAX
0990:
1000:                WHEELS NOT ALL THE SAME - CHECK FOR SMALL PAYOFF
1010:
1020: 027E A2 03     NOMAT  LDXIM $03
1030: 0280 C9 46            CMPIM $46    A CHERRY?
1040: 0282 F0 DA            BEQ   PAY
1050: 0284 20 8D 02  LOK    JSR   DISPLY
1060: 0287 A5 05            LDA   AMT    CAN'T PLAY
1070: 0289 D0 80            BNE   LPA    WITH NO DOUGH!
1080; 028B F0 F7            BEQ   LOK
1090:
1100:
1110:
1120:
1130:                DISPLAY SUBROUTINE
1140:
1150: 028D A6 06     DISPLY LDX   ARROW
1160: 028F 10 02            BPL   INDIS     ROLL
1170: 0291 F6 02     OVER   INCAX WINDOW+02 THE DRUM
1180: 0293 CA        INDIS  DEX
1190: 0294 10 FB            BPL   OVER
1200: 0296 A9 7F            LDAIM $7F
1210: 0298 8D 41 17         STA   PADD
1220: 029B A0 0B            LDYIM $08
1230: 029D A2 04            LDXIM $04
1240: 029F B5 00     LITE   LDAAX WINDOW LIGHT
1250: 02A1 8C 42 17         STY   SBD    ALL THE
1260: 02A4 8D 40 17         STA   SAD    WINDOWS
1270: 02A7 D8               CLD
1280: 02A8 A9 7F            LDAIM $7F
1290: 02AA E9 01     ZIP    SBCIM $01
1300: 02AC D0 FC            BNE   ZIP
1310: 02AE 8D 42 17         STA   SBD
1320: 02B1 C8               INY
1330: 02B2 C8               INY 
			
36

			1340: 02B3 CA               DEX
1350: 02B4 10 E9            BPL   LITE
1360: 02B6 20 40 1F         JSR   KEYIN
1370: 0289 60
1380:
1390                 AMOUNT CONVERSION
1400:
1410: 02BA A5 05     CVAMT  LDA   AMT
1420: 02BC 29 0F            ANDIM $0F    TRANSLATE
1430: 02BE AA               TAX          AMOUNT
1440: 02BF BD E7 1F         LDAAX TABLE  TO LED
1450: 02C2 85 00            STA   WINDOW  CODE.
1460: 02C4 A5 05            LDA   AMT
1470: 02C6 4A               LSRA
1480: 02C7 4A               LSRA
1490: 02C8 4A               LSRA
1500: 02C9 4A               LSRA
1510: 02CA AA               TAX
1520: 02CB BD E7 1F         LDAAX TABLE
1S30: 02CE 85 01            STA   WINDOW+01
1540: 02D0 60               RTS




SYMBOL TABLE 3000 30A2
AMT     0005   ARROW  0006   BANDIT 0200   CVAMT  02BA
DISPLY  028D   GO     0200   INDIS  0293   KEYIN  1F40
LITE    029F   LOK    0284   LPA    020B   LPB    0228
LPC     0264   NOMAT  27E    OVER   0291   PADD   1741
PAX     O260   PAY    025E   ROLL   0210   RWD    0007
SAD     1740   SBD    1742   STALLA 0008   TABLE  1FE7
TUMBLE  0009   WlNDOW 0000   ZIP    02AA




You'll notice that the listing for BANDIT looks a little 
different from others in this book.  That's because it
is the output of a resident assembler operating in 
an expanded KIM-1 system.  See the section on expansion 
or a further discussion of assemblers.

You might like to change the pay outs so that there is 
a "house percentage".  That way, visitors will eventually 
run out of money if they play long enough. This has 
two possible advantages: it will teach them the evils 
of gambling, and they won't hog your KIM all day playing
this game. 
			
37

			
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
			BITZ

			A teaching program which drills you on binary and
hexadecimal numbering schemes.  It's kind of fun
just as a speed test.

Start the program at 0200 and you'll see eight bits
on the left side of the display.  Some of the bits
are in the lower position, meaning 'off' or zero.
Others will be in the top row, where they mean 'on'
or logic one.

All you have to do is translate those bits into hexadecimal
notation, and enter the hex value.  For example, if all
bits happen to be 'on', the number you'd enter is FF;
or if all the bits were 'off', you'd enter 00.
KIM rewards a correct answer with another problem.

If you're not yet at ease with the concept of bits
and how they relate to hexadecimal numbering, a few
runs of this program will help a lot.

0200 D8       START  CLD
0201 A9 01           LDA   #1   Set FLAG2
0205 85 1D           STA   FLAG2   .. to new problem
0205 20 40 1F MAIN   JSR   KEYIN   set directnl reg
0208 20 6A 1F        JSR   GETKEY   get key input
020B C5 14           CMP   PREV    same as last time?
020D F0 50           BEQ   LIGHT    yes, skip
020F 85 14           STA   PREV    record new input
0211 C9 15           CMP   #$15     no key?
0213 F0 1C           BEQ   NOKEY   yes, brnch
0215 A6 1C           LDX   FLAG1   first digit found?
0217 D0 0C           BNE   DIG1    yes, check second
0219 C5 16           CMP   SEED1   first digit match?
021B D0 42           BNE   LIGHT   no, ignore input
021D AA              TAX
021E BD E7 1F        LDA   TABLE,X  change to segment
0221 85 1C           STA   FLAG1     ..store.
0223 D0 3A           BNE   LIGHT        .. and exit
0225 C5 17    DIG1   CMP   SEED2   second digit match?
0227 D0 36           ENE   LIGHT   no, ignore input
0229 AA              TAX
022A BD E7 1F        LDA   TABLE,X   change to segment
022D 85 1D           STA   FLAG2
022F D0 2E           BNE   LIGHT
0231 A6 1D    NOKEY  LDX   FLAG2    problem solved?
0233 F0 2A           BEQ   LIGHT    not yet, skip
0235 A9 00           LDA   #0      Clear..
0237 85 1C           STA   FLAG1    ..for new problem
0239 85 1D           STA   FLAG2
023B AD F4 1A        LDA   TIMER   get random value
023E AA              TAX
023F 29 0F           AND   #$0F    extract last digit
0241 85 17           STA   SEED2    .. and store 
			
38

			0243 8A              TXA
0244 4A 4A           LSRA LSRA    Extract first digit
0246 4A 4A           LSRA LSRA
0248 85 16           STA   SEED1   ..and store
024A 86 15           STX   SEED   Store whole number
024C A2 FC           LDX   #$FC   Minus 4 for window
024E A9 00    PATT   LDA   #0     Clear Accum
0250 26 15           ROL   SEED    ..then roll in..
0252 2A              ROL   A        ..two bits..
0253 26 15           ROL   SEED      ..and..
0255 2A              ROL   A          ..convert..
0256 A8              TAY               ..to..
0257 B9 7B 02        LDA   TAB,Y        ..segments
025A 95 1C           STA   FLAG1,X
025C E8              INX           next segment
025D D0 EF           BNE   PATT
025F A9 7F    LIGHT  LDA   #$7F   Set directional..
0261 8D 41 17        STA   SADD     ..registers
0264 A0 09           LDY   #9
0266 A2 FA           LDX   #$FA   Minus 6
0268 B5 1E    SHOW   LDA   FLAG2+1,X  Window contents
026A 8D 40 17        STA   SAD
026D C0 42 17        STY   SBD
0270 C6 11    WAIT   DEC   MOD
0272 D0 FC           BNE   WAIT
0274 C8 CS           INY   INY
0276 E8              INX
0277 30 EF           BMI   SHOW
0279 10 88           BPL   MAIN
027B 14 12    TAB    .BYTE $14,$12,$24,$22
027D 24 22
; end



***** HEX DUMP - BITZ *****

0200-   D8 A9 01 85 1D 20 40 1F 20 6A 1F C5 14 F0 50 85
0210-   14 C9 15 F0 1C A6 1C D0 0C C5 16 D0 42 AA BD E7
0220-   1F 85 1C D0 3A C5 17 D0 36 AA BD E7 1F 85 1D D0
0230-   2E A6 1D F0 2A A9 00 85 1C 85 1D AD 04 17 AA 29
0240-   0F 85 17 8A 4A 4A 4A 4A 85 16 86 15 A2 FC A9 00
0250-   26 15 2A 26 15 2A A8 B9 7B 02 95 1C E8 D0 EF A9
0260-   7F 8D 41 17 A0 09 A2 FA B5 1E 8D 40 17 8C 42 17
0270-   C6 11 D0 FC C8 C8 E8 30 EF 10 8A 14 12 24 22 
			
39

			
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
			BlackJack

			Description:

KIM uses a  'real' deck of cards in this game.
So when you've seen four aces going by, you know
that there will be no more - until the next shuffle.

BLACKJACK starts at address 0200.  You'll see the
cards being shuffled - the word SHUFFL appears on the
display - and then KIM will ask how much you want to bet.

You'll start with an initial amount of $20.  Your balance
is always shown to the right of the BET? question, so
on the first hand, you'll see BET? 20 on the display.

You may bet from $1 to $9, which is the house limit.
The instant you hit key 1 to 9 to signal your bet,
KIM will deal.  Of course, you can't bet more money
than you have ... and KIM ignores freeloaders who try
to bet a zero amount.

After the deal, you'll see both your cards on the left
of the display, and one of KIM's cards on the right.
(KIM's other card is a 'hole  card, and you won't see
it until it's KIM's turn to play).  Aces are shown
as letter A, face cards and tens as letter F, and
other cards as their value, two to nine.  As always,
Aces count value 1 or 11 and face cards count 10.

You can call for a third card by hitting the 3 button ..
then the fourth card with the 4 button, and so on.
If your total goes over 21 points, KIM will ungrammatically
say BUSTED, and you'll lose.  If you get five cards
without exceeding 21 points, you'll win automatically.
If you don't want any more cards, hit key 0.  KIM will
report your point total, and then will show and play
its own hand.  KIM, too, might go BUSTED or win on
a five-card hand.  Otherwise, the most points wins.

>From time to time, KIM will advise SHUFFL when the
cards start to run low.

Remember that you have a good chance to beat KIM at
this game.  Keep track of the cards that have been
dealt (especially aces and face cards), and you're
likely to be a winner.'

0200 A2 33    START  LDX #51      52 cards in deck
0202 8A       DK1    TXA          Create deck
0205 95 40           STA DECK,X    by inserting cards
0205 CA              DEX            into deck
0206 10 FA           BPL DK1         in sequence
0208 A2 02           LDX #2       Set up 5 locations
020A BD BB 03 INLOP  LDA INIT,X      ..into..
020D 95 75           STA PARAM        zero page
020F CA              DEX          addresshi/ dpt/ amt 
			
40

			0210 10 F8           BPL INLOP
0212 AD 04 17        LDA TIMER   use random timer
0215 85 80           STA RND      to seed random chain
0217 D8       DEAL   CLD         main loop repeats here
0218 A6 76           LDX   DPT   next-card pointer
021A E0 09           CPX #9      less than 9 cards?
021C B0 34           BCS NOSHUF  9 or more, don't shuffle
; shuffle deck
021E A0 D8           LDY #SHUF-$300 Set up SHUFFL msg
0220 20 57 03        JSR FILL        put in WINDOW
0223 AC 33           LDY #51        ripple 52 cards
0225 84 76           STY DPT     set full deck
0227 20 30 03 SHLP   JSR LIGHT   illuminate display
022A 38              SEC
022B A5 81           LDA RND+1   Generate
022D 65 82           ADC RND+2    new
022F 65 85           ADC RND+5     random
0231 85 80           STA RND        number
0253 A2 04           LDX #4
0235 B5 80    RMOV   LDA RND,X   move over
0237 95 81           STA RND+1,X  the random
0239 CA              DEX           seed numbers
023A 10 F9           BPL RMOV
023C 29 3F           AND #$3F    Strip to 0-63 range
023E C9 34           CMP #52     Over 51?
0240 B0 E5           BCS SHLP    yes, try new number
; swap each card into random slot
0242 AA              TAX
0243 B9 40 00        LDA DECK,Y  get next card
0246 48              PHA         save it
0247 B5 40           LDA DECK,X  get random card
0249 99 40 00        STA DECK,Y   into position N
024C 68              PLA         and the original card
024D 95 40           STA DECK,X   into the random slot
024F 88              DEY         next in sequence
0250 10 D5           BPL SHLP    bck for next card
; ready to accept bet
0252 A0 DE    NOSHUF LDY #MBET-$300   Set up BET? msg
0254 20 57 03        JSR FILL        put in WINDOW
0257 A5 77           LDA AMT     display balance
0259 20 A6 03        JSR NUMDIS    .. put in WINDOW
025C 20 30 03 BETIN  JSR LIGHT   illuminate display
025F C9 0A           CMP #10     not key C to 9?
0261 B0 F9           BCS BETIN   nope, ignore
0263 AA              TAX
0264 86 79           STX BET     store bet amount
0266 CA              DEX
0267 30 F3           BMI BETIN   zero bet?
0269 E4 77           CPX AMT     sufficient funds?
026B B0 EF           BCS BETIN   no, refuse bet
; bet accepted - deal
026D A2 0B           LDX #11     Clean WINDOW and
026F A9 00           LDA #0          card counters
0271 95 90    CLOOP  STA WINDOW,X
0273 CA              DEX
0274 10 FB           BPL CLOOP 
			
41

			; here come the cards
0276 20 78 03        JSR YOU    one for you..
0279 20 8F 03        JSR ME     & one for me..
027C 20 78 03        JSR YOU    another for you..
027F 20 64 03        JSR CARD   put my second card..
0282 86 7A           STX HOLE     ..in the hole
0284 20 28 03        JSR WLITE  wait a moment
; deal complete -  wait for Hit or Stand
0287 20 30 03 TRY    JSR LIGHT
028A AA CA           TAX DEX    key input?
028C 30 11           BMI HOLD   zero for Stand?
028E E4 96           CPX UCNT   N for card #n?
0290 D0 F5           BNE TRY    nope, ignore  key
; Hit - deal another card
0292 20 78 03        JSR YOU     deal it
0295 C9 22           CMP #$22    22 or over?
0297 B0 40           BCS UBUST   yup, you bust
0299 E0 05           CPX #5      5 cards?
029B F0 53           BEQ UWIN    yup, you win
029D D0 E8           BNE TRY     nope, keep going
; Stand - show player's total
029F A5 95    HOLD   LDA WINDOW+5   save KIM card
02A1 48              PHA              on stack
02A2 A2 00           LDX #0      flag player
02A4 20 0F 03        JSR SHTOT   .. for total display
02A7 A2 04           LDX #4
02A9 A9 00           LDA #0
02AB 95 90    HLOOP  STA WINDOW,X   clean window
02AD CA              DEX
02AE 10 FB           BPL HLOOP
; restore display card and hole card
02B0 68              PLA         display card
02B1 85 95           STA WINDOW+5  back to display
02B3 A6 7A           LDX HOLE    get hole card
02B5 20 6D 03        JSR CREC    rebuild
02B8 20 92 05        JSR MEX     play and display
; KIM plays here
02BB 20 28 03 PLAY   JSR WLITE   pause to show cards
02BE A5 9A           LDA MTOT    point total
02C0 C9 22           CMP #$22     ..22 or over?
02C2 B0 29           BCS IBUST    yup, KIM bust
02C4 65 9B           ADC MACE    add 10 for aces?
02C6 A6 91           LDX WINDOW+1  five cards?
02C8 D0 18           BNE IWIN      yes, KIM wins
02CA C9 22           CMP #*22    22+ including aces?
02CC 90 02           BCC POV     nope, count ace high
02CE A5 9A           LDA MTOT    yup, ace low
02D0 C9 17    POV    CMP #$17    17 or over?
02D2 B0 2C    SOS    HOLD2        yes, stand..
02D4 20 8F 03        JSR ME       no, hit..
02D7 D0 E2           BNE PLAY    unconditional Branch
; KIM wins here
02D9 20 28 03 UBUST  JSR WLITE   show player's hand..
02DC 20 55 03        JSR BUST    make BUST message..
02DF 20 28 03        JSR WLITE   ..and show it 
			
42

			02E2 A5 77    IWIN   LDA AMT     decrease balance
02E4 F8 38           SED SEC
02E6 E5 79           SBC BET     ..by amount of bet
02E8 85 77    JLINK  STA AMT     store new balance
02EA 4C 17 02 XLINK  JMP DEAL    next play
; Player wins here
02ED 20 55 03 IBUST  JSR BUST    make BUST message..
02F0 20 28 03 UWIN   JSR WLITE   display pause
02F3 A5 77    ADD    LDA AMT     increase balance
02F5 F8 18           SED CLC
02F7 65 79           ADC BET     by amount of bet
02F9 A0 99           LDY #$99    $99 maximum..
02FB 90 01           BCC NOFLO   have we passed it?
02FD 98              TYA         yes, restore $99
02FE D0 E8           BNE JLINK   unconditional branch
; KIM stands - compare points
0300 A2 03    HOLD2  LDX #3      flag KIM..
0302 20 0F 03        JSR SHOTOT  .. for total display
0305 A5 9A           LDA MTOT    KIM's total..
0307 C5 97           CMP UTOT    vs. Player's total..
0309 F0 DF           BEQ XLINK   same, no score;
030B B0 D5           BCS IWIN    KIM higher, wins;
030D 90 E4           BCC ADD     KIM lower, loses.

; subroutines start here
; SHTOT shows point totals per X register
030F B5 97    SHTOT  LDA UTOT,X   player's or KIM's total
0311 F8 18           SED CLC
0313 75 98           ADC UACE,X   try adding Ace points
0315 C9 22           CMP #$22     exceeds 21 total?
0317 B0 02           BCS SHOVER   yes, skip
0319 95 97           STA UTOT,X   no, make permanent
031B D8       SHOVER CLD
031C B5 97           LDA UTOT,X   get revised total
031E 48              PHA          save it
031F A0 E2           LDY #TOT-$300  set up TOT- msg
0321 20 57 03        JSR FILL      put in WINDOW
0324 68              PLA          recall total
0325 20 A6 03        JSR NUMDIS   insert in window
; display pause, approx 1 second
0328 A0 80    WLITE  LDY #$80     timing constant
032A 20 30 03 WDO    JSR LIGHT    illuminate screen
032D 88              DEY         countdown
032E D0 FA           BNE WDO
; illuminate display
0330 84 7F    LIGHT  STY YSAV    save register
0332 A0 13           LDY #$13
0334 A2 05           LDX #$5     6 digits to show
0336 A9 7F           LDA #$7F
0338 8D 41 17        STA PADD    set directional reg
033B 35 90    DIGIT  LDA WINDOW,X
033D 8D 40 17        STA SAD     character segments
0340 8C 42 17        STY SBD     character ID    
0343 E6 7B    WAIT   INC PAUSE 
			
43

			0345 DC FC           BNE WAIT    wait loop
0347 88 88           DEY DEY  
0349 CA              DEX
034A 10 EF           BPL DIGIT
034C 20 40 1F        JSR KEYIN   switch Dir Reg
034F 20 6A 1F        JSR GETKEY  test keyboard
0352 A4 7F           LDY YSAV    restore Y value
0354 60              RTS
; fill WINDOW with BUST or other message
0355 A0 E6    BUST   LDY #$BST $300
0357 84 74    FILL   STY POINTR
0359 A0 05           LDY #5      six digits to move
035B B1 74    FILLIT LDA (POINTR),Y  load a digit
035D 99 90 00        STA WINDOW,Y    put in window
0360 88              DEY
0361 10 F8           BPL FILLIT
0363 60              RTS
; deal a card, calc value & segments
0364 A6 76    CARD   LDX DPT      Pointer in deck
0366 C6 76           DEC DPT      Move pointer
0368 B5 40           LDA DECK,X   Get the card
036A 4A 4A           LSRA LSRA    Drop the suit
036C AA              TAX          0 to 12 in X
036D 18       CREC   CLC          no-ace flag
036E D0 01           BNE NOTACE   branch if not ace
0370 38              SEC          ace flag
0371 BD BE 03        LDA VALUE,X  value from table
0374 BC CB 03        LDY SEGS,X   segments from table
0377 60              RTS
; card to player,including display & count
0378 20 64 03 YOU    JSR CARD     deal card
037B E6 96           INC UCNT     card count
037D AC 96           LDX UCNT     use as display pointer
037F 94 8F           STY WINDOW-1,X   put card in Wndw
0381 A0 10           LDY #$10     ten count for aces
0383 90 02           BCC YOVER    no ace?
0385 84 98           STY UAOE     ace, set 10 flag
0387 18 F8    YOVER  CLD SED
0389 65 97           ADC UTOT     add points to..
038B 85 97           STA UTOT      ..point total
038D D8              CLD
038E 60              RTS
; card to KIM, including display & counts
038F 20 64 03 ME     JSR CARD     deal card
0392 CC 99    MEX    DEC MCNT     inverted count
0394 A6 99           LDX MCNT     use as (r) display pontr
0396 94 96           STY WINDOW+6,X   into window
0398 A0 10           LDY #$10     ten count for aces
039A 90 02           BCC MOVER    no ace?
039C 84 9B           STY MACE     aces set 10 flag
039E 18 F8    MOVER  OLC SED
03A0 65 9A           ADC MTOT     add points to..
03A2 85 9A           STA MTOT       .. point total
03A4 D8              CLD
03A5 60              RTS 
			
44

			; transfer number in A  to display
03A6 48       NUMDIS PHA        save number
03A7 4A 4A           LSRA LSRA  extract left digit
03A9 4A 4A           LSRA LSRA
03AB A8              TAY
03AC B9 E7 1F        LDA TABLE,Y  convert to segments
03AF 85 94           STA WINDOW+4
03B1 68              PLA          restore digit
03B2 29 0F           AND #$0F     extract right digit
03B4 A8              TAY
03B5 B9 E7 1F        LDA TABLE,Y  convert to segments
03B8 85 95           STA WINDOW+5
03BA 60              RTS
; tables in hex format
03BB 03 00 20 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 10 10 10
03CB F7 DB CF E6 ED FD 87 FF EF F1 F1 F1 F1
03D8 ED F6 BE F1 F1 B8 FC F9 F8 D3
03E2 F8 DC F8 C0 FC BE ED 87 F9 DE

XXXXXX HEX DUMP - BLACKJACK XXXXX


0200 A2 33 8A 95 40 CA 10 FA A2 02 BD BB 03 95 75 CA
0210 10 F8 AD 04 17 85 80 D8 A6 76 E0 09 B0 34 A0 D8
0220 20 57 03 A0 33 84 76 20 30 03 38 A5 81 65 82 65
0230 85 85 80 A2 04 B5 80 95 81 CA 10 F9 29 3F C9 34
0240 B0 E5 AA B9 40 00 48 B5 40 99 40 00 68 95 40 88
0250 10 D5 A0 DE 20 57 03 A5 77 20 A6 03 20 30 03 C9
0260 0A B0 F9 AA 86 79 CA 30 F3 E4 77 B0 EF A2 0B A9
0270 00 95 90 CA 10 FB 20 78 03 20 8F 03 20 78 03 20
0280 64 03 86 7A 20 28 03 20 30 03 AA CA 30 11 E4 96
0290 D0 F5 20 78 03 C9 22 B0 40 E0 05 F0 53 D0 E8 A5
02A0 95 48 A2 00 20 0F 03 A2 04 A9 00 95 90 CA 10 FB
02B0 68 85 95 A6 7A 20 6D 03 20 92 03 20 28 03 A5 9A
02C0 C9 22 80 29 65 9B A6 91 D0 18 C9 22 90 02 A5 9A
02D0 C9 17 B0 2C 20 8F 03 D0 E2 20 28 03 20 55 03 20
02E0 28 03 A5 77 F8 38 E5 79 85 77 4C 17 02 20 55 03
02F0 20 28 03 A5 77 F8 18 65 79 A0 99 90 01 98 D0 E8
0300 A2 03 20 0F 03 A5 9A C5 97 F0 DF B0 D5 90 E4 85
0310 97 F8 18 75 98 C9 22 B0 02 95 97 D8 B5 97 48 A0
0320 E2 20 57 03 68 20 A6 03 A0 80 20 30 03 88 D0 FA
0330 84 7F A0 13 A2 05 A9 7F 8D 41 17 B5 90 8D 40 17
0340 8C 42 17 E6 7B D0 FC 88 88 CA 10 EF 20 40 1F 20
0350 6A 1F A4 7F 60 A0 E6 84 74 A0 05 B1 74 99 90 00
0360 88 10 F8 60 A6 76 C6 76 B5 40 4A 4A AA 18 D0 01
0370 38 BD BE 03 BC CB 03 60 20 64 03 E6 96 A6 96 94
0380 8F A0 10 90 02 84 98 18 F8 65 97 85 97 D8 60 20
0390 64 03 C6 99 A6 99 94 96 A0 10 90 02 84 9B 18 F8
03A0 65 9A 85 9A D8 60 48 4A 4A 4A 4A A8 B9 E7 1F 85
03B0 94 68 29 0F A8 B9 E7 1F 85 95 60 03 00 20 01 02
03C0 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 10 10 10 F7 DB CF E6 ED
03D0 FD 87 FF EF F1 F1 F1 F1 ED F6 BE E1 F1 B8 FC F9
03E0 F8 D3 F8 DC F8 C0 FC BE ED 87 F9 DE 
			
45

			
BY RON KUSHNIER
(MODIFIED BY   
THE EDITORS) 
Black Match

			
DESCRIPTION -
THERE ARE 21 MATCHES.  EACH PLAYER MUST TAKE 1,2, OR
3 MATCHES PER TURN.  THE PLAYER WHO WINDS UP WITH THE LAST
MATCH LOSES.  THE PLAYER PLAYS AGAINST THE COMPUTER AND GOES
FIRST.  STARTING ADDRESS - 0200, PRESS "GO". PLAYER ENTERS
A NUMBER ON THE KEYBOARD.  THE LEFT TWO DIGITS DISPLAY THE
PLAYERS NUMBER.  THE CENTER DIGITS DISPLAY THE COMPUTER'S
CHOICE AFTER SOME "THINK TIME".  THE RIGHTMOST DIGITS DISPLAY
A RUNNING TOTAL OF MATCHES LEFT.  THE COMPUTER HAS AN I.Q.
AND WILL BECOME DUMBER IF YOU LOSE, SMARTER IF YOU WIN.


0200 A9 00             LDA #$00    ZERO PLAYER'S WINDOW
0202 85 FB             STA 00FB
0204 A9 21             LDA #$21    LOAD TOTAL
0206 85 F9             STA 00F9    STORE TOTAL
0208 20 1F 1F  ENTR    JSR SCANDS  DISPLAY TOTAL
020B 20 6A 1F          JSR GETKEY  DID PLAYER ENTER #?
020E C9 04             CMP #$04    IS NUMBER VALID?
0210 10 F6             BPL ENTR    IF NOT, TRY AGAIN
0212 C9 00             CMP #$00    IS NUMBER ZERO?
0214 F0 F2             BEQ ENTR    IF SO, TRY AGAIN
0216 85 FB             STA 00FB    STORE PLAYER'S it
0218 F8                SED         SET DECIMAL MODE
0219 38                SEC         SET CARRY
021A A5 F9             LDA 00F9    LOAD TOTAL
021C E5 FB             SBC 00FB    SUBTRACT PLAYER'S #
021E 85 F9             STA 00F9    STORE RESULT IN TOTAL
0220 20 FE 1E   WAIT   JSR AK      IS KEY STILL DEPRESSED?
0223 D0 FB             BNE WAIT    IF SO, WAIT
0225 A9 08             LDA #$08    LOAD WITH DELAY FACTOR
0227 85 EE             STA 00EE    STORE AT 00EE
0229 A9 FF      TIME   LDA #$FF    LOAD TIMER TO MAX
022B 8D 07 17          STA 1707
022E 20 1F 1F   DISP   JSR SCANDS  DISPLAY   AND TOTAL
0231 2C 07 17          BIT 1707    IS TIME DONE?
0234 10 F8             BPL DISP    NO, KEEP DISPLAYING
0236 A5 EE             LDA 00EE    EXTEND TIMING INTERVAL
0238 C6 EE             DEC 00EE
023A D0 ED             BNE TIME
023C C6 F9             DEC 00F9    .. COMPUTER DETERMINES
023E A5 F9             LDA 00F9    CORRECT RESPONSE AS
0240 29 10             AND #$10    THE REMAINDER AFTER
0242 4A                LSR A       DIVIDING THE TOTAL
0243 4A                LSR A       MINUS ONE BY FOUR...
0244 4A                LSR A
0245 18                CLC
0246 65 F9             ADC 00F9
0248 E6 F9             INC 00F9
024A 29 03             AND #$03
024C D0 02             BNE OVER
024E A9 01             LDA #$01
0250 AE 44 17   OVER   LDX 1744    LOAD WITH TIMER 
			
46

			0253 E0 A0             CPX #$A0   COMPARE WITH I.Q,
0255 50 02             BCS COMP   IF GREATER, NO CHANGE
0257 A9 02             LDA #$02   ELSE DEFAULT TO TWO
0259 85 FA      COMP   STA 00FA   STORE COMPUTER'S CHOICE
025B A5 F9             LDA 00F9   LOAD TOTAL
025D 38                SEC        SET CARRY
025E E5 FA             SBC 00FA   SUBTRACT COMPUTER'S CHOICE
0260 85 F9             STA 00F9   STORE IN TOTAL
0262 C9 01             CMP #$01   COMPARE WITH ONE
0264 F0 04             BEQ DEAD   IF EQUAL, DISPLAY DEAD
0266 30 10             BMI SAFE   IF MINUS, DISPLAY SAFE
0268 50 9E             BCS ENTR   ELSE GET ANOTHER ENTRY
025A A9 DE      DEAD   LDA #$DE   LOAD AND DISPLAY "DEAD"
026C 85 FB             STA 00FB
026E A9 AD             LDA #$AD
0270 85 FA             STA 00FA
0272 20 1F 1F   FIN    JSR SCANDS
0275 18                CLC
0276 90 FA             BCC FIN    UNCOND. JMP
0278 A9 5A             LDA #$5A   LOAD AND DISPLAY
027A 85 FB             STA 00FB      "SAFE"
027C A9 FE             LDA #$FE
027E 85 FA             STA 00FA
0280 A9 00             LDA #$00   TOTAL TO ZERO
0282 85 F9             STA 00F9
0284 F0 EC             SEQ FIN   UNCOND. JMP
 
HEX DUMP - BLACK MATCH


0200 A9 00 85 FB A9 21 85 F9 20 1F 1F 20 6A 1F C9 04
0210 10 F6 C9 00 F0 F2 85 FB F8 38 A5 F9 E5 FB 85 F9
0220 20 FE 1E D0 FB A9 08 85 EE A9 FF 8D 07 17 20 1F
0230 1F 2C 07 17 10 F8 A5 EE C6 EE D0 ED C6 F9 A5 F9
0240 29 10 4A 4A 4A 18 65 F9 E6 F9 29 03 D0 02 A9 01
0250 AE 44 17 E0 A0 50 02 A9 02 85 FA A5 F9 38 E5 FA
0260 85 F9 C9 01 F0 04 30 10 50 9E A9 DE 85 FB A9 AD
0270 85 FA 20 1F 1F 18 90 FA A9 5A 85 FB A9 FE 85 FA
0280 A9 00 85 F9 F0 EC 
			
47

			
BY DAN LEWART
			Card Dealer

			
DESCRIPTION -
THIS PROGRAM WILL DEAL A FULL DECK OF 52 CARDS.
THE VALUE AND SUIT OF THE CARDS APPEARS IN THE RIGHT
TWO DIGITS OF THE DISPLAY.  PRESS ANY KEY TO GET
ANOTHER CARD.  EACH WILL APPEAR ONLY ONCE.  WHEN ALL
CARDS HAVE BEEN DEALT, THE PROGRAM MUST BE RESTARTED
AT 0000.
			

			
0000   A2 06     INIT      LDX #$06     CLEAR DISPLAY
0002   A0 00               LDY #$00     (8C-91)=0
0004   94 8B     INIT 1    STY 008B,X
0006   CA                  DEX
0007   D0 FB               BNE INIT 1
0009   D8                  CLD
000A   A2 34               LDX #$34     FILL DECK
000C   86 92               STX 0092     STORE CARDS LEFT (52)
000E   C8                  INY          (93-C6)=1
000F   94 92     INIT 2    STY 0092,X
0011   CA                  DEX
0012   D0 FB               BNE INIT 2
0014   A5 92     NEWCRD    LDA 0092     DECK FINISHED?
0016   D0 03               BNE RANDOM
0018   4C 4F 1C            JMP START    YES, STOP
0018   AD 04 17  RANDOM    LDA 1704     GET RANDOM # (1-FF)
001E   D0 0B               BNE FASTER
0020   AD 44 17            LDA 1744
0023   D0 06               BNE FASTER
0025   A5 92               LDA 0092     BOTH CLOCKS OUT OF RANGE
0027   4A                  LSR          # APPROX. MIDDECK
0028   18                  CLC
0029   69 01               ADC #$01
002B   C5 92     FASTER    CMP 0092     GET NUMBER 1-34
002D   90 07               BCC FIND
002F   F0 05               BEQ FIND
0031   E5 92               SBC 0092
0033   4C 2B 90            JMP FASTER
0036   A2 33     FIND      LDX #$33     FIND ThE CARD
0038   38        FIND 1    SEC          KEEP SUBTRACTING CARD
0039   F5 93               SBC 0093,X   CARD=0 MEANS PICKED
003B   F0 93               BEQ UPDATE   CARD=1 MEANS IN DECK
003D   CA                  DEX          X=CARD POSITION
003E   10 F8               BPL FIND 1
0040   95 93     UPDATE    STA 0093,X   CARD=0
0042   C6 92               DEC 0092     1 LESS CARD LEFT
0044   8A                  TXA          GET FIRST 6 BITS OF X
0045   4A                  LSR          Y=(0-C)
0046   4A                  LSR
0047   A8                  TAY 
			
48

			0048   B9 7B 00            LDA 007B,Y   GET VALUE FROM VALTBL
004B   85 90               STA 0090     STORE AS 5TH DISPLAY DIGIT
004D   8A                  TXA          GET LAST 2 BITS OF X
004E   29 03               AND #$03     Y=(0-3)
0050   A8                  TAY
0051   B9 88 00            LDA 0088,Y   GET SUIT FROM SUITBL
0054   85 91               STA 0091     STORE AS 6TH DISP. DIGIT
0056   20 62 00  K DOWN    JSR DISP     DISPLAY (8C-91)
0059   D0 FB               BNE K DOWN   UNTIL KEY UP
005B   20 62 00  K   UP    JSR DISP     DISPLAY (8C-91)
005E   D0 84               BNE NEWCRD   UNTIL KEY DOWN
0060   F0 F9               BEQ K UP
0062   A9 7F     DISP      LDA #$7F     SEGMENTS TO OUTPUT
0064   8D 41 17            STA 1741
0067   A0 00               LDY #$00     INITIALIZE
0069   A2 08               LDX #$08
006B   B9 8C 00  DISP 1    LDA 008C,Y   GET CHARACTER
006E   84 FC               STY 00FC
0070   20 4E 1F            JSR 1F4E     DISPLAY CHARACTER
0073   C8                  INY          NEXT CHARACTER
0074   C0 06               CPY #$06 
0076   90 F3               BCC DISP 1
0078   4C 3D 1F            JMP 1F3D     DONE, KEY DOWN?
            
XXXXXX TABLES XXXXX
0078   77        VALTBL    "A"
007C   5B                  "2"
007D   4F                  "3"
007E   66                  "4"
007F   6D                  "5"
0080   7D                  "6"
0081   07                  "7"
0082   7F                  "8"
0083   6F                  "9"
0084   78                  "T"
0085   1E                  "J"
0086   67                  "Q"
0087   70                  "K"
0088   6D        SUITBL    "S"
0089   76                  "H"
008A   5E                  "D"
008B   39                  "C"


HEX DUMP - CARD DEALER


0000 A2 06 A0 00 94 8B CA D0 FB D8 A2 34 86 92 C8 94
0010 92 CA D0 FB A5 92 D0 03 4C 4F 1C AD 04 17 D0 0B
0020 AD 44 17 D0 06 A5 92 4A 18 69 01 C5 92 90 07 F0
0030 05 E5 92 4C 2B 00 A2 33 38 F5 93 F0 03 CA 10 F8
0040 95 93 C6 92 4A 4A 4A A8 B9 7B 00 85 90 8A 29 03
0050 A8 B9 88 00 85 91 20 62 00 D0 FB 20 62 00 D0 B4
0060 F0 F9 A9 7F 8D 41 17 A0 00 A2 08 B9 8C 00 84 FC
0070 20 4E 1F C8 C0 06 90 F3 4C 3D 1F 77 5B 4F 66 6D
0080 7D 07 7F 6F 78 1E 67 70 6D 76 5E 39 
			
49

			
BY CASS LEWART
			Chess Clock

			DESCRIPTION -
THE PROGRAM STARTS AT LOCATION 0200.  TWO INDEPENDENT
CLOCKS ARE OPERATED BY THE TWO PLAYERS BY DEPRESSING KEYS
1 OR 2 RESPECTIVELY.  THE RIGHT TWO DIGITS SHOW THE MOVE
NUMBER, THE LEFT FOUR DIGITS SHOW MINUTES AND SECONDS.
MAXIMUM TIME IS 99 MINUTES 59 SEC.  THE CLOCK PROGRAM CAN
BE FINELY TUNE BY CHANGING THE VALUE OF WORD 027F, INCREASE
BY 1 SLOWS THE CLOCK BY APPROXIMATELY 6 SEC/24 HOURS AND
VICE VERSA.

0200  A9 00              LDA #$00        ZERO ALL OF PAGE ZERO
0202  AA                 TAX
0203  9D 00 00  ZERO     STA 0000,X
0206  E8                 INX
0207  D0 FA              BNE ZERO
0209  20 1F 1F  DISF     JSR SCANDS      DISPLAY ZEROS
020C  20 6A 1F           JSR GETKEY      KEY PRESSED?
020F  C9 02              CMP #$02        KEY # 2?
0211  D0 F6              BNE DISP        NO, WAIT TILL 2 DOWN
0213  A9 01     LOOP     LDA #$01        FLAG TO 1
0215  85 D4              STA 00D4        (CLOCK *1 TO RUN)
0217  20 60 02           JSR TIME        GET CLOCK RUNNING
021A  20 31 02           JSR SAVE        SAVE TIME ON DISPLAY
021D  A9 02              LDA #$02        FLAG TO 2
021F  85 D4              STA 00D4        (CLOCK *2 TO RUN)
0221  20 60 02           JSR TIME        GET OTHER CLOCK RUNNING
0224  18                 CLC             ... INCREMENT MOVE
0225  A5 F9              LDA 00F9        NUMBER...
0227  69 01              ADC #$01
0229  85 F9              STA 00F9
022B  20 31 02           JSR SAVE        SAVE CLOCK 2 TINE
022E  4C 13 02           JMP LOOP        BACK TO CLOCK ~ 1
XXXX SAVE TIME INDICATED SUBROUTINE XXXX
0231  A9 02     SAVE     LDA #$02        CLOCK * 2?
0233  C5 D4              CMP 00D4
0235  D0 11              BNE CLK1        NO, STORE FOR CLOCK # 1
0237  A5 FB              LDA 00FB        . .. STORE VALUES FOR
0239  85 D2              STA 00D2        CLOCK * 2 IN 0002
023B  A5 FA              LDA 00FA        AND 0003
023D  85 D3              STA 00D3
023F  A5 D0              LDA 00D0        ..  LOAD DISPLAY WITH
0241  85 FB              STA 00FB        VALUES FOR CLOCK # 1
0243  A5 D1              LDA 00D1
0245  85 FA              STA 00FA
0247  60                 RTS
0248  A5 FB     CLK1     LDA 00FB        ... STORE VALUES FOR
024A  85 D0              STA 00D0        CLOCK * 1 IN 00D0
024C  A5 FA              LDA 00FA        AND 0001
024E  85 D1              STA 00D1
0250  A5 D2              LDA 00D2        ... LOAD DISPLAY WITH
0252  85 FB              STA 00FB        VALUES FOR CLOCK * 2
0254  A5 D3              LDA 00D3
0256  85 FA              STA 00FA
0258  60                 RTS 
			
50

			CLOCK ADVANCE SUBROUTINE
0260  F8        TIME     SED             SET DECIMAL MODE
0261  A9 04              LDA #$04        TIME MULTIPLIER TO 4
0263  85 D5              STA 00D5
0265  A9 F0     LOAD     LDA #$F0        SET TIMER
0267  8D 07 17           STA 1707
026A  20 1F 1F  LITE     JSR SCANDS      DISPLAY CLOCK
026D  20 6A 1F           JSR GETKEY      GET KEYBOARD ENTRY
0270  C5 D4              CMP 00D4        EQUAL TO FLAG?
0272  D0 01              BNE WAIT        NO1TIME OUT THEN UPDATE
0274  60                 RTS             YES, RETURN FROM SUBR.
0275  2C 07 17  WAIT     BIT 1707        TIME DONE?
0278  D0 F0              BPL LITE        NOT YET
027A  C6 D5              DEC 00D5        DECREMENT TIME MULT.
027C  D0 E7              BNE LOAD        NOT ZERO, RESET TIMER
027E  A9 BF              LDA #$BF        LAST LITTLE BIT OF TIME
0280  8D 06 17           STA 1706        INTO TIMER
0283  2C 07 17  TINY     BIT 1707        DONE?
0286  D0 FB              BPL TINY        NO
0288  18                 CLC             . ONE SECOND ADDED
0289  A5 FA              LDA 00FA        TO CLOCK..
028B  69 91              ADC #$01
028D  85 FA              STA 00FA        CCENTER TWO DIGITS)
02SF  C9 60              CMP #$60        A MINUTE UP?
0291  D0 05              BNE NOMN        NOT YET
0293  38                 SEC             YES, SEC. TO ZERO
0294  A9 00              LDA #$00
0296  85 FA              STA 00FA
0298  A5 FB     NOPAN    LDA 00FB        ... MINUTES INCREMENTED
029A  69 00              ADC #$00        IF CARRY SET
029C  85 FB              STA 00FB
029E  4C 60 02           JMP TIME        LOOP

XXXXX HEX DUMP - CHESS CLOCK XXXXX
		  
0200- A9 00 AA 9D 00 00 E8 D0 FA 20 1F 1F 20 6A 1F C9
0210- 02 D0 F6 A9 01 85 D4 20 60 02 20 31 02 A9 02 85
0220- D4 20 60 02 18 A5 F9 69 01 85 F9 20 31 02 4C 13
0230- 02 A9 02 C5 D4 D0 11 A5 FB 85 D2 A5 FA 85 D3 A5
0240- D0 85 FB A5 D1 85 FA 60 A5 FB 85 D0 A5 FA 85 D1
0250- A5 D2 85 FB A5 D3 85 FA 60
0260- F8 A9 04 85 D5 A9 F0 8D 07 17 20 1F 1F 20 6A 1F
0270- C5 D4 D0 01 60 2C 07 17 10 F0 C6 D5 D0 E7 A9 BF
0280- 8D 06 17 2C 07 17 10 FB 18 A5 FA 69 01 85 FA C9
0290- 60 D0 05 38 A9 00 85 FA A5 FB 69 00 85 FB 4C 60
02A0- 02 
			
51

			
- Charles Parsons
			CLOCK

			This clock routine uses KIM's built in interval timer with the
interrupt option.  It works by loading $F4 into the timer (/1024) each
time the Non-Maskable Interrupt (NMI) occurs.  This theoretically pro-
duce a time of 249,856 microseconds or just under 1\4 second.  The adjust-
ment to 1\4 second is done with the timer (/1) in the interrupt routine.
A fine adjustment of the clock can be made by modifying the value in
location $0366.  Only two subroutines will be documented here (ESCAPE
TO KIM & HOUR CHIME) but many more can be added by simply replacing
the NOP codes starting at $03DE with jumps to your own subroutines.
For instance, a home control system could be set up using the clock
program.

The escape to KIM allows KIM to run without stopping the clock.
This means that you can run other programs simultaneously with the
clock program unless your program also needs to use the NMI (such as
single step operation) or if there could be a timing problem (such as
with the audio tape operation).  Pressing the KIM GO button will get
you out of the KIM loop.

To start the clock:

1.  Connect PB7 (A-15) to NMI (E-6).
2.  Initialize NMI pointer (17FA, 17FB) with 60 and 03.
3.  Set up the time and AM-PM counter locations in page
zero.
4.  Go to address $03C0 and press GO.

To get back into the clock display mode if the clock is run-
ning - start at location $03C9. NOTE:  These routines are not listed in any particular order
so be watchful of the addresses when you load them.


PAGE ZERO LOCATIONS

0070          NOTE                       Sets frequency of note
0080          QSEC                       1\4 second counter
0081          SEC                        second counter
0082          MIN                        minute counter
0083          HR                         hour counter
0084          DAY                        day counter for AM-PM 
			
52

			INTERRUPT ROUTINE

This routine uses the NMI to update a clock in zero page
locations.  Since the crystal may be slightly off one MHz a
fine adjustment is located at 0366.  NMI pointers must be set
to the start of this program.


0360 48              PHA                 save A
0361 8A              TXA
0362 48              PHA                 save X
0363 98              TYA
0364 48              PHA                 save Y
0365 A983            LDA #$83            fine adjust timing
0367 8D0417          STA TIME4
036A 2C0717  TM      BIT TIME7           test timer
036D 10FB            BPL TM              loop until time out
036F E680            INC QSEC            count 1\4 seconds
0371 A904            LDA #$04            do four times before
0373 C580            CMP QSEC            updating seconds
0375 D038            BNE RTN
0377 A900            LDA #$00            reset 1\4 second counter
0379 8580            STA QSEC
037B 18              CLC
037C F8              SED                 advance clock in decimal
037D A581            LDA SEC
037F 6901            ADC #$01            advance seconds
0381 8581            STA SEC
0383 C960            CMP #$60            until 60 seconds
0385 D028            BNE RTN
0387 A900            LDA #$00            then start again
0389 8581            STA SEC
038B A582            LDA MIN
038D 18              CLC
038E 6901            ADC #$01            and advance minutes
0390 8582            STA MIN
0392 C960            CMP #$60            until 60 minutes
0394 D019            BNE RTN
0396 A900            LDA #$00            then start again
0398 8582            STA MIN
039A A583            LDA HR              and advance hours
039C 18              CLC
039D 6901            ADC #$01
039F 8583            STA HR
03A1 C912            CMP #$12            until 12 hours
03A3 D002            BNE TH
03A5 E684            INC DAY             advance 1\2 day
03A7 C913    TH      CMP #$13            if 13 hours
03A9 D004            BNE RTN             start again with one
03AB A901            LDA #$01
03AD 8583            STA HR
03AF D8      RTN     CLD                 go back to hex mode
03B0 A9F4            LDA #$F4            start timer with interrupt
03B2 8D0F17          STA TIMEF           in 249,856 microseconds 
			
53

			03B5 68              PLA
03B6 A8              TAY                 restore Y
03E7 68              PLA
03B8 AA              TAX                 restore X
03B9 68              PLA                 restore A
035A 40              RTI                 return from interrupt ESCAPE TO KIM IF 1 ON KIM IS PRESSED

This is a subroutine which will return to the KIM monitor routine
without stopping the real time clock.  It is done by pressing 1 on the
KIM keyboard.

0300  206A1F  KIM    JSR GETKEY          go back to KIM if
0303  0901           CMP #$01            KIM keyboard is one
0305  D00D           BNE ENDR
030?  201F1F         JSR SCANDS          delay to make sure
030A  206A1F         JSR GETKEY
030D  0901           CMP #$01
030?  D003           BNE ENDR
0311  4C051C         JMP SAVE1
0314  60      ENDR   RTN TWO TONE SOUND TO INDICATE HOURS

This is a subroutine which when added to the clock display
routine will use the real time clock data to produce one sound
per hour on the hour,  The output is a speaker circuit as shown
on 
Pg. 57 of the KIM-1 Manual.  It is hooked to PB0 rather than
PA0.  The specific notes can be changed by altering 0330 and 033C.

0320 A582     BEEP   LDA MIN             on the hour?
0322 D029            BNE END             if not return
0324 A581            LDA SEC             execute until SEC = HR
0326 38              SEC
0327 E583            SBC HR
0329 1024            BPL END
032B A580     AGAIN  LDA QSEC            first 1\4 second?
032D D006            BNE ONE
032F A91E            LDA #$1E            set high note
0331 8570            STA NOTE
0333 D00A            BNE GO              sound note for 1\4 second
0335 A901     ONE    LDA #$01            second 1\4 second?
0337 C580            CMP QSEC
0339 D014            BNE END
033B A928            LDA #$28            set low note
033D 8570            STA NOTE
033F A901     GO     LDA #$0l            set I/O ports
0341 8D0317          STA PBDD
0344 EE0217          INC PBD             toggle speaker
0247 A570            LDA NOTE
0349 AA              TAX                 set delay
034A CA              DEX
034B 10FD            BPL
034D 30DC            BMI AGAIN           keep sounding
034F 60       END    RTN  

			
54

			DISPLAY CLOCK ON KIM-1 READOUT

03C0 A900            LDA #$00            reset 1\4 second counter
03C2 8580            STA QSEC
03C4 A9F4            LDA #$F4            start timer with interrupt
03C6 8D0F17          STA TIMEF
03C9 A581     DSP    LDA SEC             start here if clock is running
03CB 85F9            STA INH             display clock on KIM
03CD A582            LDA MIN
03CF 85FA            STA POINTL
03D1 A583            LDA HR
03D3 85FB            STA POINTH
03D5 201F1F          JSR SCANDS
03D8 200003          JSR KIM             escape to KIM
03DB 202003          JSR BEEP            sound on the hour
03DE EAEAEA
03E1 EAEAEA
03E4 EAEAEA
03E7 EAEAEA
03EA EAEAEA
03ED EAEAEA
03F0 EAEAEA
03F3 EAEAEA
03F6 EAEAEA
03F9 EAEAEA
03FC 4CC903          JMP DSP




*****   Hex Dump - Clock *****


0300-   20 6A 1F C9 01 D0 0D 20 1F 1F 20 6A 1F C9 01 D0
0310-   03 4C 05 1C 60
0320-   A5 82 D0 29 A5 81 38 E5 83 10 24 A5 80 D0 06 A9
0330-   1E 85 70 D0 0A A9 01 C5 80 D0 14 A9 28 85 70 A9
0340-   01 8D 03 17 EE 02 17 A5 70 AA CA 10 FD 30 DC 60

0360-   48 8A 48 98 48 A9 83 8D 04 17 20 C0 17 10 FB E6
0370-   80 A9 04 C5 80 D0 38 A9 00 85 80 18 F8 A5 81 69
0380-   01 85 81 C9 60 D0 28 A9 00 85 81 A5 82 18 69 01
0390-   85 82 C9 60 D0 19 A9 00 85 82 A5 83 18 69 01 85
03A0-   83 C9 12 D0 02 E6 84 C9 13 D0 04 A9 01 85 83 D8
03B0-   A9 F4 8D 0F 17 68 A8 68 AA 68 40
03C0-   A9 00 85 80 A9 F4 8D 0F 17 A5 81 85 F9 A5 82 85
03D0-   FA A5 83 85 FB 20 1F 1F 20 00 03 20 20 03 EA EA
03E0-   EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA
03F0-   EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA 40 C9 03 
			
55

			
BY STAN OCKERS
			CODE TEST

			DESCRIPTION -
THIS PROGRAM REQUIRES THAT A SPEAKER BE HOOKED
TO PA0 AS IN 
FIGURE 5.1 OF THE KIM MANUAL.  WHEN STARTED
AT 0200, THE PROGRAM WILL SEND 5 LETTER CODE GROUPS,
(INTERNATIONAL MORSE), OVER THE SPEAKER.  THE CODE GROUPS
WILL CONSIST OF RANDOM CHARACTERS INCLUDING A-Z, 0-9, A
PERIOD, COMMA, QUESTION MARK AND EQUAL SIGN.  AFTER THIS
TRANSMISSION, YOUR RECEPTION CAN BE CHECKED BECAUSE THE
GROUPS SENT WILL BE SHOWN ON THE DISPLAY.  PRESSING ANY
KEY WILL CAUSE THE NEXT GROUP TO BE DISPLAYED.  LIMITATIONS
IMPOSED BY THE 7 SEGMENT DISPLAYS MAKE SOME CHARACTERS
PRETTY STRANGE AND THERE IS SOME REDUNDANCY; BUT BY SLOWING
THE TRANSMISSION YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO FIGURE OUT WHAT
EACH CHARACTER IS.




0200 A2 0C             LDX #$0C       ... INITIALIZATION
0202 BD DF 02  INIT    LDA 02DF,X     .. 12 VALUES ARE LOADED
0205 95 E2             STA 00E2,X     FROM 00E2 ON UP ..
0207 CA                DEX
0208 10 F8             BPL INIT
020A A2 04     GRUP    LDX #$04       (SPACE LENGTH)
020C 20 A0 02          JSR SPACE      SPACE FOR ANOTHER GROUP
020F A9 06             LDA #$06       GROUP SIZE, 5 CHAR.
0211 85 E0             STA 00E0
0213 C6 E0     CHAR    DEC 00E0       NEXT CHAR. IN GROUP
0215 F0 F3             BEQ GRUP       FINISHED, GET NEW GROUP
0217 A2 03             LDX #$03       (SPACE LENGTH)
0219 20 A0 02          JSR SPACE      SPACE BETWEEN CHAR.
021C 20 CB 02  NUMB    JSR RAND       GET A RANDOM it
021F 29 3F             AND #$3F       MAKE SURE POSITIVE
0221 C9 28             CMP #$28       LESS THAN 41 (DECIMAL)?
0223 10 F7             BPL NUMB       NO, GET ANOTHER
0225 AA                TAX            USE AS INDEX
0226 BD 13 03          LDA 0313,X     GET DISPLAY CONVERSION
0229 A4 E2             LDY 00E2       CHAR. INDEX IN Y
022B 99 3B 03          STA 033B,Y     STORE CONVERSION
022E E6 E2             INC 00E2       INDEX UP ONE
0230 A5 E2             LDA 00E2       LAST CHARACTER?
0232 C9 1A             CMP #$1A
0234 F0 20             BEQ DEBO       YES, GO READOUT
0236 BD EB 02          LDA 02EB,X     GET CODE CHARACTER
0239 85 DF             STA 00DF       TEMPORARY STORE
023B 06 DF     BITS    ASL 00DF       SHIFT
023D F0 D4             BEQ CHAR       EMPTY, GET NEXT CHAR.
023F B0 0D             BCS DASH       IF CARRY SET, SEND DASH
0241 A2 01             LDX #$01       . ELSE SEND DOT
0243 20 82 02          JSR MARK
0246 A2 01     SPAC    LDX #$01       THEN SPACE 
			
56

			0248 20 A0 02          JSR SPACE
0248 18                CLC
024C 90 ED             BCC BITS       UNCOND. JUMP
024E A2 03     DASH    LDX #S03       (DASH LENGTH)
0250 20 82 02          JSR MARK       SEND A DASH
0253 18                CLC
0254 90 F0             BCC SPAC       UNCOND. JUMP
0256 20 8E 1E  DEBO    JSR INIT1      DEBOUNCE KEY..
0259 20 B1 02          JSR DISP
025C D0 F8             BNE DEBO       WAIT FOR KEY RELEASE
025E 20 B1 02  WAIT    JSR DISP
0261 F0 FB             BEQ WAIT       WAIT FOR KEY DOWN
0263 18                CLC
0264 A5 E4             LDA 00E4       UPDATE POINTER TO
0266 69 05             ADC #$05       POINT AT NEXT GROUP..
0268 85 E4             STA 00E4
026A A0 04             LDY #$04       ..LOAD WINDOWS 00E8-
026C B1 E4     WIND    LDA (00E4),Y    00EC WITH CONVERSIONS
026E 99 E8 00          STA 00E8,Y     FOR DISPLAY..
0271 88                DEY
0272 10 F8             BPL WIND
0274 C6 E3             DEC 00E3       LAST GROUP?
0276 D0 DE             BNE DEBO       NO, GET ANOThER
0278 A9 36             LDA #$36       REINITILIZE POINTER
027A 85 E4             STA 00E4       TO RUN THRU GROUPS AGAIN
027C A9 05             LDA #$05
027E 85 E3             STA 00E3
0280 D0 D4             BNE DEBO       UNCOND. JUMP
***** MARK SUBROUTINE ****
0282 86 DD             STX 00DD       TEMP. STORE
0284 A5 E6     TIMM    LDA 00E6       SPEED BYTE
0286 8D 07 17          STA 1707       START TIMER
0289 A9 01             LDA #$01       PA0 TO OUTPUT
028B 8D 01 17          STA 1701
028E EE 00 17  TOGG    INC 1700       TOGGLE PA0
0291 A6 57             LDX 0057       DETERMINE FREQ.
0293 CA        FREQ    DEX
0294 D0 FD             BNE FREQ
0296 2C 07 17          BIT 1707       TIME UP?
0299 10 F3             BPL TOGG       NO
029B C6 DD             DEC 00DD       DETERMINE MARK LENGTH
029D D0 E5             BNE TIMM
029F 60                RTS
***** SPACE SUBROUTINE *****
02A0 86 DD     DISP    STX 00DD       TEMP. STORE
02A2 A5 E6     TIMS    LDA 00E6       SPEED BYTE
02A4 8D 07 17          STA 1707       START TIMER
02A7 2C 07 17  HOLD    BIT 1707       DONE?
02AA 10 FB             BPL HOLD       NO
02AC C6 DD             DEC 00DD       FULL TIME UP?
02AE D0 F2             BNE TIMS       NO
02B0 60                RTS 
			
57

			***** DISPLAY SUBROUTINE *******
02B1 A9 7F     DISP    LDA #$7F       CHANGE SEGMENTS..
02B3 80 41 17          STA PADD       TO OUTPUTS
02B6 A0 00             LDY #$0        INIT. RECALL INDEX
02B8 A2 09             LDX #$9        INIT. DIGIT NUMBER
02BA B9 E8 00  SIX     LDA 00E8,Y     GET CHARACTER
02B0 84 FC             STY 00FC       SAVE Y
02BF 20 4E 1F          JSR 1F4E       DISPLAY CHARACTER
02C2 C8                INY            SET UP FOR NEXT OAR.
02C3 C0 06             CMP #$06       6 CHAR. DISPLAYED?
02C5 90 F3             BCC SIX        NO
02C7 20 3D 1F          JSR 1F3D       KEY DOWN?
02CA 60                RTS            EXIT
***** RANDOM NUMBER SUBROUTINE ******
02CB 18        RAND    CLC            FROM J. BUTTERFIELD
02CC D8                CLD            KIM USER NOTES
02CD A5 E1             LDA 00E1       VOL. 1, *1
02CF 65 E4             ADC 00E4
02D1 65 E5             ADC 00E5
02D3 85 E0             STA 00E0
02D5 A2 04             LDX #$04
02D7 B5 E0     ROLL    LDA 00E0,X
02D9 95 E1             STA 00E1,X
02DB CA                DEX
02DC 10 F9             BPL ROLL
02DE 60                RTS
***** INITIALIZATION VALUES *******
02DF 00/05/3B/03/33/66/C0/C0/C0/C0/C0/00
***** TABLE OF CODE CHARACTERS *******
02EB 60/88/A8/90/40
02F0 28/D0/08/20/78/B0/48/E0/A0/F0/68/D8/50/10/C0/30
0300 18/70/98/B8/C8/FC/7C/3C/1C/0C/04/84/C4/E4/F4/56
0310 CE/32/8C
***** TABLE OF DISPLAY CONVERSIONS ******
0313 F7/FC/B9/DE/F9/F1/BD/F6/84/9E/F0/B8/B7
0320 D4/DC/F3/E7/D0/ED/F8/BE/EA/9C/94/EE/C9/BF/86/DB
0330 CF/E6/ED/FD/87/FF/EF/90/84/D3/C8

*** STORAGE OF CHARACTERS SENT: 033B - 03FF

CHANGES-
THE PROGRAM IS INITIALLY SET UP TO SEND AND DISPLAY
5 GROUPS OF 5 CHARACTERS EACH.  THEY ARE SENT AT A RATE
OF ABOUT 16 GROUPS PER MINUTE.  ALL OF THIS CAN OF
COURSE BE CHANGED.
- THE NUMBER OF CHARACTERS TO BE SENT (IN HEX) PLUS ONE
SHOULD BE STORED IN 0233, (INITIALLY 1A).
- THE NUMBER OF GROUPS TO BE DISPLAYED AFTER TRANSMISSION
SHOULD BE STORED IN 02E0  (INITIALLY 05).
- THE SPEED OF TRANSMISSION IS DETERMINED BY THE CONTENTS
OF 02E3.  A HEX 33 GIVES ABOUT 16 GROUPS/MINUTE, A
66 GIVES 8 WPM.
- THE TONE CAN BE VARIED BY THE CONTENTS OF 00E4.
- A MAXIMUM OF ONE PAGE OF CHARACTERS CAN BE SENT
STORED IN A BLOCK POINTED TO BY 02E1 AND 02E2.
- FOR A DESCRIPTION OF HOW THE CHARACTERS ARE STORED,
SEE OCT. '76 BYTE, PAGE 36.
- A PORTION OF THE CHARACTER SET, (SAY ONLY LETTERS),
CAN BE SELECTED BY ADJUSTING THE BYTE AT 0222. 
			
58

			
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
			CRAPS

			DESCRIPTION -
SET ADDRESS 0200, THEN HOLD "GO" DOWN .. YOU'LL SEE:
- 2 DICE "ROLLING" ON THE LEFT
- $10 BALANCE ON THE RIGHT
LET "GO" ... THE DICE WILL STOP ROLLING, AND YOU'LL GET:
- A WIN ON A TOTAL OF 7 OR 11; YOU'LL SEE YOUR DOLLAR
BALANCE RISE; OR
- A LOSS ON TOTALS OF 2,3, OR 12; YOUR DOLLAR BALANCE
WILL DROP; OR
- A "POINT" - THE CENTER SEGMENTS WILL LIGHT WITH THE
ROLL AND YOU MUST TRY TO ROLL THIS TOTAL AGAIN
BEFORE YOU ROLL 7 -
PUSH THE "GO" BUTTON ONLY ON THE FIRST ROLL. FOR SUBSEQUENT
ROLLS, PUSH ANOTHER BUTTON.


0200 D8         START   CLD
0201 20 40 1F           JSR KEYIN
0204 20 CA 1F           JSR GETKEY
0207 C5 40              CMP LAST
0209 F0 79              BEQ LIGHT     same key as before?
020B 85 40              STA LAST
020D 49 15              EOR #$15      no-key test
020F 85 41              STA FLAG      into flag
0211 C9 06              CMP #6        GO key?
0213 D0 05              BNE NOGO      nope..
0215 A9 10              LDA #$10      yes, $10
0217 20 A9 02           JSR DOBUX     put in window
021A AD 04 17   NOGO    LDA TIMER     random value
021D A2 C0              LDX #$C0      divide by 6
021F 86 4E              STX DIVR
0221 A2 05              LDX #5
0223 C5 4E      RNDLP   CMP DIVR      divide..
0225 90 02              BCC RNDOV        ..a..
0227 E5 4E              SBC DIVR          ..digit
0229 46 4E      RNDOV   LSR DIVR
022B CA                 DEX
0220 10 F5              BPL RNDLP
022E AA                 TAX           die 0-5
022F E8                 INX           die 1-6
0230 BD E7 1F           LDA TABLE,X   segment
0233 A4 41              LDY FLAG      which die?
0235 F0 06              BEQ PLAY      second?
0237 86 42              STX DIE       first, save it..
0239 85 43              STA WINDX     ..& segment
023B D0 47              BNE LIGHT     unconditional
023D 85 47      PLAY    STA WINDOW+1  show die..
023F A5 43              LDA WINDX      ..and other
0241 85 46              STA WINDOW              one
0243 A5 44              LDA BUX       out of dough? 
			
59

			0245 F0 3D              BEQ LIGHT     ..no bread
0247 8A 18              TXA CLC
0249 65 42              ADC DIE       add other die
024B C5 45              CMP POINT     get the point?
024D F0 28              BEQ WIN       ..yup
024F A6 45              LDX POINT     point-zero...
0251 F0 12              BEQ FIRST     ..first roll
0253 C9 07              CMP #7        seven you lose
0255 D0 2D              BNE LIGHT     ..nope
0257 A5 44      LOSE    LDA BUX
0259 F0 05              BEQ LOSX       nough dough?
025B 18 F8              CLD SED        decimal add..
025D E9 00              SBC #0         neg one
025F D8                 CLD
0260 20 A9 02           JSR DOBUX      put in window
0263 D0 1F              BNE LIGHT      unconditional
0265 A6 46      FIRST   LDX WINDOW     copy point
0267 86 48              STX WINDOW+2
0269 A6 47              LDX WINDOW+1
026B 86 49              STX WINDOW+3
026D 85 45              STA POINT
026F AA                 TAX            point value
0270 BD C6 02           LDA TAB-2,X    'win' table
0273 F0 0F              BEQ LIGHT      ..says point
0275 30 E0              BMI LOSE       ..says craps
0277 A5 44      WIN     LDA BUX        ..says win
0279 C9 99              CMP #$99       maximum bucks?
027B F0 04              REQ WINX       yes, skip add
027D F8                 SED            decimally add..
027E 69 01              ADC #1         ..one
0280 D8                 CLD
0281 20 A9 02   WIUX    JSR DOBUX     make segments
0284 A5 41      LIGHT   LDA FLAG      still rolling?
0286 F0 04              BEQ NOINC     ..nope;
0288 E6 46              INC WINDOW    ..yup, so..
028A E6 47              INC WINDOW+1  ..roll em!
028C A9 7F      NOINC   LDA #$7F
028E 8D 41 17           STA PADD
0291 A0 13              LDY #$13
0293 A2 05              LDX #5
0295 B5 46      LITE    LDA WINDOW,X
0297 8D 40 17           STA SAD
029A 8C 42 17           STY SBD
029D E6 4F      PAWS    INC PAUSE
029F D0 FC              BNE PAWS
02A1 88 88              DEY DEY
02A3 CA                 DEX
02A4 10 EF              BPL LITE
02A6 4C 00 02           JMP START
02A9 85 44      DORUX   STA BUX
02AB A0 00              LDY #0
02AD 84 45              STY POINT     clear point
02AF 84 48              STY WINDOW+2  ....... 
			
60

			02B1 84 49              STY WINDOW+3  display
02B3 A8 4A              TAY LSRA
02B5 4A 4A 4A           LSRA LSRA LSRA
02B8 AA                 TAX
02B9 BD E7 1F           LDA TABLE,X
02BC 85 4A              STA WINDOW+4
02BE 98                 TYA
02BF 29 0F              AND #$0F
02C1 AA                 TAX
02C2 BD 0F 1F           LDA TABLE,X
02C5 85 4B              STA WIND0W+5
02C7 60                 RTS
0208 FF FF 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 01 FF      (TAB)

HEX DUMP - CRAPS
0200-   D8 20 40 1F 20 6A 1F C5 40 F0 79 85 40 49 15 85
0210-   41 C9 06 D0 05 A9 10 20 A9 02 AD 04 17 A2 C0 86
0220-   4E A2 05 C5 4E 90 02 E5 4E 46 4E CA 10 F5 AA E8
0230-   BD E7 1F A4 41 F0 06 86 42 85 43 D0 47 85 47 A5
0240-   43 85 46 A5 44 F0 3D 8A 18 65 42 C5 45 F0 28 A6
0250-   45 F0 12 C9 07 D0 2D A5 44 F0 05 18 F8 E9 00 D8
0260-   20 A9 02 D0 1F A6 46 86 48 A6 47 86 49 85 45 AA
0270-   BD C6 02 F0 0F 30 E0 A5 44 C9 99 F0 04 F8 69 01
0280-   D8 20 A9 02 A5 41 F0 04 E6 46 E6 47 A9 7F 8D 41
0290-   17 A0 13 A2 05 B5 46 8D 40 17 8C 42 17 E6 4F D0
02A0-   FC 88 88 CA 10 EF 4C 00 02 85 44 A0 00 84 45 84
02B0-   48 84 49 A8 4A 4A 4A 4A AA BD E7 1F 85 4A 98 29
02C0-   0F AA BD E7 1F 85 4B 60 FF FF 00 00 00 01 00 00
02D0-   00 00 FF





Coding notes: CRAPS is a highly top-down program.
The program always flows from START to LIGHT and
back again with few breaks in sequence. The dice
are randomized from TIMER (1704) and RNDLP contains
a small division routine, dividing by 6; the
remainder, randomly 0 to 5, gives the roll of
one die. On the first roll of a run, we use
the table at 02C8 to analyze the total: in this
table, FF means you lose and 01 means you win.
FLAG is zero if you're not pushing any button.
Segments for the display are stored in table
WINDOW, 0046 to 004B. 
			
61

			
BY STAN OCKERS
			DUEL

			DESCRIPTION -
THIS IS A  GAME FOR TWO PLAYERS.  WHEN THE PROGRAM IS
STARTED AT 0200, EACH PLAYER IS GIVEN TEN POINTS AS INDICATED
ON OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE DISPLAY.  THE CENTER DIGITS WILL
BE BLANK.  AFTER A RANDOM DELAY, THE CENTER DIGITS WILL LIGHT.
THE FIRST PLAYER TO PRESS HIS KEY WILL INCREASE HIS SCORE
BY ONE AND DECREASE HIS OPPONENT'S BY ONE.  THE CENTER DIGITS
WILL THEN BLANK FOR ANOTHER RANDOM DELAY.  IF A FLAYER
PRESSES HIS KEY WHILE THE CENTER DIGITS ARE BLANK, HIS SCORE
WILL BE DECREASED BY ONE.  WHEN ONE PLAYER REACHES ZERO THE
GAME IS OVER AND MUST BE RESTARTED AT 0200.  THE PLAYER TO
THE LEFT USES KEY ZERO AND THE ONE ON THE RIGHT USES KEY
SEVEN.




0200   A9 10              LDA #$10      INITIALIZE DIGITS
0202   85 F9              STA 00F9
0204   85 FB              STA 00FB
0206   AD 44 17  RAND     LDA 1744      GET "RANDOM" #
0209   29 1F              AND #$1F      NOT TOO BIG
020B   09 01              ORA #$01      NOT TOO SMALL
020D   85 EE              STA 00EE      PUT IN DECREMENT LOC.
020F   A9 00              LDA #$00      BLANK CENTER DIGITS
0211   85 FA              STA 00FA
0213   20 71 02  DISP     JSR LITE      DISPLAY DIGITS
0216   AD 07 17           LDA 1707      TIME UP?
0219   F0 0D              BEQ MORE      NO
021B   A9 FF              LDA #$FF
021D   8D 07 17           STA 1707      START TIMER
0220   C6 EE              DEC 00EE      FULL TIME UP?
0222   10 04              BPL MORE      NO, SKIP
0224   A9 36              LDA #$36      YES, CHANGE
0226   85 FA              STA 00FA      CENTER DIGITS
0228   D8        MORE     CLD           CLEAR FOR KEYBOARD
0229   20 40 1F           JSR KEYIN     INIT. KEYBOARD
022C   20 6A 1F           JSR GET KEY   KEY DEPRESSED?
022F   CS 15              CMP #$15      VALID KEY?
0231   10 E0              BPL DISP      NO
0233   C9 07              CMP #$07      RIGHT KEY?
0235   F0 0E              BEQ RITE      YES
0237   C9 00              CMP #$00      LEFT KEY?
0239   F0 02              BEQ LEFT      YES
023B   D0 D6              BNE DISP      NOT A 0 OR A 7
023D   A2 02     LEFT     LDX #$02      INDEX FOR LEFT
023F   A5 EE              LDA 00EE      TIME UP?
0241   10 14              BPL LOS1      NO DECREASE LEFT ONE
0243   30 06              BMI ADD1      YES, INCREASE LEFT
0245   A2 00     RITE     LDX #$00      INDEX FOR RIGHT
0247   A5 EE              LDA 00EE      CHECK TIME
0249   10 0C              BPL LOS1      NOPE, NOT YET 
			
62

			024B   F8        ADD1     SED
024C   18                 CLC           INCREASE SCORE
024D   85 F9              LDA 00F9,X    BY ONE
024F   69 01              ADC #$01
0251   95 F9              STA 00F9,X
0253   8A                 TXA           INDEX TO OTHER
0254   49 02              EOR #$02      SIDE
0256   AA                 TAX
0257   F8        LOS1     SED           DECREASE SCORE
0258   38                 SEC           BY ONE
0259   B5 F9              LDA 00F9,X
025B   E9 01              SBC #$01
025D   95 F9              STA 00F9,X
025F   F0 0A              BEQ FIN       GO TO FIN IF ZERO
0261   20 71 02  WAIT     JSR LITE      WAIT FOR SWITCH
0264   20 40 1F           JSR KEYIN     TO BE RELEASED
0267   D0 F8              BNE           WAIT
0269   F0 9B              BEQ RAND      THEN START NEW DELAY
0268   20 71 02  FIN      JSR LITE      FINISHED LOOP
026E   B8                 CLV
026F   50 FA              BVC FIN       UNCOND. JUMP
XXXXX  DISPLAY SUBROUTINE XXXXX
0271   A9 7F     LITE     LDA #$7F
0273   8D 41 17           STA SADD
0276   A2 09              LDX #$09      INIT. DIGIT ~
0278   A5 FB              LDA 00FB
027A   20 8B 02           JSR 2HEX
027D   A5 FA              LDA 00FA      GET CENTER DIGITS
027F   20 4E 1F           JSR CONVX     CONVERT NONHEX CHAR.
0282   20 4E 1F           JSR CONVX     TWO OF THEM
0285   A5 F9              LDA 00F9
0287   20 8B 02           JSR 2HEX
028A   60                 RTS
XXXXX HEX CHARACTER CONVERSION SUBROUTINE XXXXX
028B   A8        2HEX     TAY
028C   4A                 LSR A        SUBROUTINE TO CONVERT
028D   4A                 LSR A        ONE WORD TO 2 HEX
028E   4A                 LSR A        CHARACTERS
028F   4A                 LSR A
0290   F0 0A              BEQ ZBLK
0292   20 48 1F           JSR CONVD
0295   98        2NDC     TYA          SECOND CHARACTER
0296   29 0F              AND #$0F
0298   20 48 1F           JSR CONVD
029B   60                 RTS
029C   A9 80     ZELK     LDA #$80     BLANK LEADING   ZEROS
029E   84 FC              STY 00FC
02A0   20 4E 1F           JSR CONVX    CONVERT NONHEX CHAR.
02A3   B8                 CLV
02A4   50 EF              BVC 2NDC     UNCOND. JUMP 
			
63

			
FARMER BROWN
			
You are farmer Brown.  You are growing a beautiful crop of corn
But the following animals try to come and steal your corn:
			
 
 As soon as you see one of these animals coming for your corn,
you can scare it away by calling its name.  Press the button
with the first letter of the animal's name.  So you would
press A to shoo away an ant, B to shoo away a bird, and so on.

If you press the right button, the animal will go back.  if you
press the wrong button, it will think you mean somebody else
and keep coming for your corn. And when all your corn is gone,
KIM will show 000 and the game is over.

The animal won't "shoo" unless it has completely entered the
display.  Speed of the animals can be adjusted by changing the
contents of location 02EA.

0200 A2 0D     START LDX #$13
0202 86 6E             STX CORN     bushels of corn to start
0204 A9 00             LDA #0       clear the window
0206 95 60     SLOOP   STA WINDOW,X
0208 CA                DEX
0209 10 FE             BPL SLOOP
020B A2 0B     TEST    LDX #11      is window enipty?
020D B5 60     TLOOP   LDA WINDOW,X
020F D0 3B             BNE CONTIN   no. keep going
0211 CA                DEX
0212 10 F9             BPL TLOOP
0214 E6 6D             INC GOT      yes. make new animal
0216 A5 6C             LDA FLAG
0218 F0 09             BEQ MORE     did last animal get in?
021A C6 6D             DEC GOT
021C C6 6E             DEC CORN     take away some corn
021E D0 03             BNE MORE     any left?
0220 4C 25 19          JMP DONE     no, end of game
0223 AD 04 17  MORE    LDA TIMER    random value..
0226 4A 4A 4A          LSRA LSRA LSRA     ..to generate..
0229 4A 4A             LSRA LSRA          ..new random animal
022B C9 06             CMP #6       6 types of animal
022D 90 02             BCC MAKE
022F 29 93             AND #$03
0231 18        MAKE    CLC
0232 AA                TAX         animal type to X
0233 69 0A             ADC #$0A    key type A to F 
			
64

			0235 85 6F             STA KEY
0237 B0 A4 02          LDA INDEX,X  animal 'picture' address
023A 85 70             STA POINL     to indirect pointer
023C A9 02             IDA #2
023E 85 71             STA POINH
0240 A0 05             LDY #5      six locations to move
0242 B1 70     ALOOP   LDA (POINL),Y   from 'picture'
0244 99 66 00          STA WINGS,Y      ..to 'wings'
0247 88                DEY
0248 10 F8             BPL ALOOP
024A 84 6C             STY FLAG    flag FF - animal coming
024C A2 05     CONTIN  LDX #5       test:
024E B5 66     CLOOP   LDA WTNGS,X   is animal out of 'wings'?
0250 D0 13             BNE NOKEY     no, ignore keyboard
0252 CA                DEX
0253 10 F9             BPL CLOOP
0255 20 40 1F          JSR KEYIN
0258 20 6A 1F          JSR GETKEY
025B C5 6F             CMP KEY       right animal named?
025D D0 06             BNE NOKEY     no, ignore key
025F A5 6C             LDA FLAG
0261 10 02             BPL NOKEY     animal retreating?
0263 E6 60             INC FLAG      make animal retreat
0265 C6 72     NOKEY   DEC DELAY     wait a while..
0267 D0 1E             BNE NOMOVE    before moving animal
0269 A9 20             LDA #S20      speed control value
026B 85 72             STA DELAY
026D A5 6C             LDA FLAG      move animal - which way?
026F 30 0D             BMI COMING     ..left
0271 A2 0A             LDX #10        ..right
0273 B5 5A     RLOOP   LDA WINDOW-6,X
0275 95 5B             STA WINDOW-5,X
0277 CA                DEX
0278 D0 F9             BNE RLOOP
027A 86 5A             STX WINDOW-6   clear extreme left
027C F0 09             BEQ NOMOVE     unconditional branch
027E A2 F0     COMING  LDX #$F0       -16
0280 B5 6C     OMLOOP  LDA WINDOW+12,X
0282 95 6B             STA WINDOW+11,X
0284 E8                INX
0285 30 F9             BMI CMLOOP
0287 A9 7F     NOMOVE  LDA #$7F       light KIM display
0289 8D 41 17          STA PADD
028C A0 13             LDY #$13
028E A2 05             LDX #5         six display digits
0290 B5 60     LITE    LDA WINDOW,X
0292 8D 40 17          STA SAD
0295 8C 42 17          STY SBD
0298 E6 73     LITEX   INC WAIT
029A D0 FC             BNE LITEX
029C 88 88 CA          DEY DEY DEX
029F 10 EF             BPL LITE
02A1 4C 0B 02          JMP TEST
index and animal 'pictures' in hexadecimal form
02A4 AA B0 B6 BC C2 C8 08 00 00 00 00 00 01 61 61 40 00 00
02B6 61 51 47 01 00 00 63 58 4E 00 00 00 71 1D 41 1F 01 00
02C8 63 58 4C 40 00 00 
			
65

			FARMER BROWN

			Exercises:

1. You can see that each animal occupies 6 memory locations,
starting at 02AA (the Ant) - and the last location must always
be zero.  Can you make up your own animals? The letters may
not fit exactly, but you can always invent names or use
odd ones (you could make an Aardvark, a Burfle, a Cobra, and
so on).

2. The game might be more fun if the animals went faster after
a while, so that sooner or later they would just zip by.
The location that controls speed is at address 026A;
the lower the number, the faster the animals will go.
So if you could arrange to have the program decrease
this number automatically once in a while, you1d get
a nice speed-up feature.

3. You can't "shoo" the animal until it's completely entered
the display; but you can still catch it after it's partly
left.  The game would be harder - and maybe more fun -
if you could only shoo it while it was completely in the
display. Hint - testing location 005F (window-1) would
tell you if an animal was on its way out.

4. You'd have a "Target Practice" game if you made the animal
disappear (instead of backing up) when you pressed the
right button.  With a little planning, you'll find that
this is quite easy to do. ***** HEX DUMP - FARMER BROWN *****


0200-    A2 0D 86 6E A9 00 95 60 CA 10 FB A2 0B B5 60 D0
0210-    3B CA 10 F9 E6 6D A5 6C F0 09 C6 6D C6 6E D0 03
0220     4C 25 19 AD 04 17 4A 4A 4A 4A 4A C9 06 90 02 29
0230-    03 18 AA 69 0A 85 6F BD A4 02 85 70 A9 02 85 71
0240-    A0 05 B1 70 99 66 00 88 10 F8 84 6C A2 05 B5 66
0250-    D0 13 CA 10 F9 20 40 1F 20 6A 1F C5 6F D0 06 A5
0260-    6C 10 02 E6 6C C6 72 D0 1E A9 20 85 72 A5 6C 30
0270-    0D A5 0A B5 5A 95 5B CA D0 F9 86 5A F0 09 A2 F0
0280-    B5 6C 95 6B E8 30 F9 A9 7F 8D 41 17 A0 13 A2 05
0290-    B5 60 8D 40 17 8C 42 17 E6 73 D0 FC 88 88 CA 10
02A0-    EF 4C 0B 02 AA B0 B6 BC C2 C8 08 00 00 00 00 00
02B0-    01 61 61 40 00 00 61 51 47 01 00 00 63 58 4E 00
02C0-    00 00 71 1D 41 1F 01 00 63 58 4C 40 00 00 
			
66

			
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
			HI-LO

			DESCRIPTION -
			
 AN EASY GAME FOR ONE OR MORE PLAYERS.  KIM CHOOSES A
SECRET NUMBER FROM 0l TO 98.  AT THE START, THE FIRST FOUR
DIGITS SHOW THE HIGH AND LOW BOUNDS OF THE NUMBER - 99 HIGH
AND 00 LOW.  AS GUESSES ARE ENTERED - ENTER THE GUESS AND
PRESS A FOR ATTEMPT - THE BOUNDS CHANGE AS YOU ARE NARROWING
DOWN THE POSSIBILITIES.  FOR EXAMPLE, GUESS 32 AND THE DISPLAY
MIGHT CHANGE TO 32 00, MEANING THAT THE COMPUTER'S SECRET
NUMBER IS BETWEEN THESE VALUES.  AFTER EACH LEGAL GUESS,
THE COMPUTER SHOWS THE NUMBER OF ATTEMPTS MADE SO FAR.

ONE PLAYER GAME: TRY TO GET THE MYSTERY NUMBER IN SIX ATTEMPTS.

MULTI PLAYER GAME: EACH PLAYER TRIES TO AVOID GUESSING THE
MYSTERY NUMBER - THE CORRECT GUESSER LOSES AND IS "OUT".





0200 F8        START SED
0201 A5 E0     TOP     LDA RND  generate random #
0203 38                SEC      01 to 98
0204 69 00             ADC #0
0206 A2 01             LDX #1   overflow at 99
0208 C9 99             CMP #$99
020A D0 01             BNE OVR0
020C 8A                TXA
020D 85 E0     OVR0    STA RND
020F 20 40 1F          JSR KEYIN
0212 D0 ED             BNE TOP
0214 D8                CLD         initialize:
0215 A9 99             LDA #$99          hi
0217 85 FB             STA POINTH
0219 A9 00             LDA #0
021B 85 FA             STA POINTL      and lo
021D A2 A0     RSET    LDX #$A0 guess counter
021F 86 F9     NSET    STX INH
0221 86 E1             STX NGUESS
0223 20 1F 1F  GUESS   JSR SCANDS light display
0226 20 6A 1F          JSR GETKEY test key
0229 C9 13             CMP #$13   go key?
022B F0 D3             BEQ START
022D C5 E2             CMP LAST
022F F0 F2             BEQ GUESS  same key?
0231 85 E2             STA LAST 
			
67

			0233 C9 0A             CMP #$0A   'A' key?
0235 F0 10             BEQ EVAL   yes, evaluate guess
0237 B0 EA             BCS GUESS  no key?
0239 0A                ASL A      roll character
023A 0A                ASL A      ..into..
023C 0A                ASL A      position..
023C 0A                ASL A
023D A2 03             LDX #3
023F 0A        LOOP    ASL A      ..then
0240 26 F9             ROL INH    ..into
0242 CA                DEX        ..display
0243 10 FA             BPL LOOP
0245 30 DC             BMI GUESS
0247 A5 F9     EVAL    LDA INH    guess lower..
0249 C5 E0             CMP RND    ..than number?
024B 90 06             BCCC OVR1  yes, skip
024D C5 FB             CMP POINTH no, check hi
024F B0 D2             BCS GUESS  out of range?
0251 85 FB             STA POINTH
0253 A6 E0     OVR1    LDX RND    number lower..
0255 E4 F9             CPX INH    ..than guess?
0257 90 08             BCC OVR2   yes, skip
0259 A6 FA             LDX POINTL no,check lo
025B E4 F9             CPX INH
025D B0 C4             BCS GUESS  out of range?
025F 85 FA             STA POINTL
0261 A6 E1     OVR2    LDX NGUESS 'guess' number
0263 E8                INX           ..plus 1
0264 E0 AA             CPX #$AA   past limit?
0266 F0 B5             SEQ RSET   yes, reset
0268 D0 B5             BNE NSET



XXXXX HEX DUMP - HI LO XXXXX



0200 F8 A5 E0 38 69 00 A2 01 C9 99 D0 01 8A 85 E0 20
0210 40 1F D0 ED D8 A9 99 85 FB A9 00 85 FA A2 A0 86
0220 F9 86 E1 20 1F 1F 20 6A 1F C9 13 F0 D3 C5 E2 F0
0230 F2 85 52 C9 0A F0 10 B0 EA 0A 0A 0A 0A A2 03 0A
0240 26 F9 CA 10 FA 30 DC A5 F9 C5 E0 90 06 C5 FB B0
0250 D2 85 FB A6 E0 E4 F9 90 0B A6 FA E4 F9 B0 C4 85
0260 FA A6 E1 E8 E0 AA F0 B5 D0 B5 
			
68

			
BY CHUCK EATON
			HORSERACE

			DESCRIPTION -
			
 THIS IS AN EIGHT LAP HORSE RACE AND YOU CAN BE THE
JOCKEY AND WHIP YOUR HORSE TO GO FASTER.  WARNING  ...WHIP
THE HORSE TOO MUCH AND HE PROBABLY POOPS OUT.  THE PROGRAM
STARTS AT 0200.
HORSE               TRACK      WHIPPING BUTTON
PRINCE CHARMING            TOP              PC
COLORADO COWBOY           MIDDLE            C
IRISH RAIR                BOTTOM            4



0200  D8               CLD          ...INITIALIZATION...
0201  A2 13            LDX #$13
0203  BD D9 02  INIT   LDA 02D9,X   HORSES TO STARTING GATE
0206  95 7C            STA 007C,X
0208  CA               DEX
0209  10 F8            BPL INIT
020B  A9 7F     DISP   LDA #$7F     ...LIGHT DISPLAY...
020D  8D 41 17         STA 1741
0210  A0 00            LDY #$00
0212  A2 09            LDX #$09
0214  B9 7C 00  LITE   LDA 007C,Y
0217  84 FC            STY 00FC
0219  20 4E 1F         JSR 1F4E     OUTPUT DIGIT
021C  C8               INY
021D  C0 06            CPY #$06     SIX DIGITS DISPLAYED?
021F  90 F3            BCC LITE     NOT YET
0221  20 3D 1F         JSR 1F3D     TURN OFF DIGITS
0224  A5 8F            LDA LAP      CNT.FINISHED TOTAL LAPS?
0226  30 E3            BMI DISP     YES, FREEZE DISPLAY
0228  A2 03            LDX #$03
022A  CA        NEXT   DEX          NEXT HORSE
022B  30 DE            BMI DISP     FINISHED 3 HORSES
022D  D6 86            DEC 0086,X   DEC. CNT., HORSE X
022F  D0 F9            BNE NEXT     NOT ZERO, NEXT HORSE
0231  86 99            STX 0099     SAVE HORE INDEX
0233  A4 99            LDY 0099     AND PUT IN Y AS INDEX
0235  B6 83            LDX 0083,Y   DIGIT P05. OF HORSE IN X
0237  B9 ED 02         LDA 02ED,Y   MASK TO REMOVE HORSE
023A  35 7C            AND 007C,X   GET RID OF HORSE
023C  95 7C            STA 007C,X   RETURN REMAINING HORSES
023E  E8               INX          GO TO NEXT DIGIT RIGHT
023F  96 83            STX 0083,Y   UPDATE HORSE DIGIT POS.
0241  B9 ED 02         LDA 02ED,Y   GET MASK
0244  49 FF            EOR #$FF     CHANGE TO AN INSERT MASK
0246  15 7C            ORA 007C,X   PUT HORSE IN NEXT
0248  95 7C            STA 007C,X   DIGIT RIGHT
024A  E0 05            CPX #$05     REACHED RIGHT SIDE?
024C  30 2B            BMI POOP     NOT YET
024E  D0 06            BNE NLAP     OFF RIGHT SIDE, CHANGE LAP
0250  A5 8F            LDA 008F     CHECK LAP COUNTER
0252  F0 1B            BEQ LAST     IF ZERO, LAST LAP
0254  D0 23            BNE POOP 
			
69

			0256 A2 02     NLAP    LDX #S02     ...CHANGE TO A NEW LAP
0258 38        DOWN    SEC          SHIFT ALL HORSE DIGIT
0259 B5 83             LDA 0083,X   POSITIONS SIX PLACES
025B E9 06             SBC #$06     DOWN...
025D 95 83             STA 0083,X
025F CA                DEX
0260 10 F6             BPL DOWN
0262 A2 06             LDX #$06
0264 B5 7C     STOR    LDA 007C,X   ...ALSO SHIFT DIGIT
0266 95 76             STA 0076,X   CONTENTS INTO STORAGE
0268 A9 80             LDA #$80     AREA AND CLEAR DISPLAY
026A 95 7C             STA 007C,X   AREA...
026C CA                DEX
026D D0 F5             BNE STOR
026F C6 8F     LAST    DEC 008F     DEC. LAP COUNTER
0271 D0 06             BNE POOP     NOT LAST LAP, CONTINUE
0273 A5 81             LDA 0081     LAST LAP, PUT FINISH
0275 09 06             ORA #$06     LINE IN LAST DIGIT
0277 85 81             STA 0081
0279 B9 89 00  POOP    LDA 0089,Y   HORSE Y POOP FLAG
027C F0 0A             BEQ NOPO     HORSE NOT POOPED
027E 20 C5 02          JSR RAND     ...POOPED, BUT MAY
0281 29 3C             AND #$3C     BECOME UNPOOPED DEPENDING
0283 D0 11             BNE FAST     ON RANDOM NUMBER
0285 99 89 00          STA 0089,Y
0288 20 C5 02  NOPO    JSR RAND     ...NOT POOPED, BUT MAY
028B 29 38             AND #S38     BECOME POOPED DEPENDING
028D 85 9A             STA 009A     ON RANDOM NUMBER...
028F B9 8C 00          LDA 008C,Y
0292 30 0B             BMI FAST
0294 29 38             AND #$38
0296 C5 9A             CMP 009A
0298 B0 05             BCS FAST
029A A9 FF             LDA #$FF     IF POOPED, SET POOP
029C 99 89 00          STA 0089,Y   FLAG TO "FF"
029F 20 3D 1F  FAST    JSR KEYIN         GET KEY FROM KEYBOARD
02A2 A0 FF             LDY #$FF        INIT. Y TO MAX
02A4 A6 99             LDX 0099        HORSE INDEX IN X
02A6 3D F0 02          AND 02F0,X      MASK (IS HORSE WHIPPED?)
02A9 F0 01             BEQ SKIP        NO, NOT BEING WHIPPED
02AB 88                DEY             WHIPPED, Y MADE SMALLER
02AC 98        SKIP    TYA             CHANGE SIGN IF POOPED
02AD 55 89             EOR 0089,X      EXC. OR WITH 00 OR FF
02AF 85 9A             STA 009A        SAVE SPEED UPDATE
02B1 20 C5 02          JSR RAND        GET A RANDOM NUMBER
02B4 38                SEC
02B5 29 01             AND #$01        ..LOWEST BIT OF #
02B7 65 9A             ADC 009A        COMBINE WHIP UPDATE,
02B9 18                CLC             RAND # (0 OR 1) & CARRY
02BA A6 99             LDX 0099        HORSE INDEX IN X
02BC 75 8C             ADC 008C,X      HORSES SPEED ADDED IN
02BE 95 8C             STA 008C,X      SAVE NEW SPEED
02C0 95 86             STA 0086,X      ALSO IN WINDOW COUNTER
02C2 4C 2A 02          JMP NEXT        LOOP 
			
70

			XXXXX RANDOM NUMBER SUBROUTINE XXXX
02C5 38        RAND    SEC
02C6 A5 92             LDA 0092        FROM J. BUTTERFIELD
02C8 65 95             ADC 0095        KIM USER NOTES *1
02CA 65 96             ADC 0096        PAGE 4
02CC 85 91             STA 0091
02CE A2 04             LDX #$04
02D0 B5 91     MOVE    LDA 0091,X
02D2 95 92             STA 0092,X
02D4 CA                DEX
02D5 10 F9             BPL MOVE
0207 60                RTS

XXXXX TABLES - HORSERACE XXXX


02D8-  00/80/80/80/80/80/80/80
02E0-  FF/FF/FF/80/80/80/00/00/00/80/80/80/08/FE/BF/F7
02F0-  01/02/04

XXXXX HEX DUMP - HORSERACE XXXX

0200 D8 A2 13 BD D9 02 95 7C CA 10 F8 A9 7F 8D 41 17
0210 A0 00 A2 09 B9 7C 00 84 FC 20 4E 1F C8 C0 06 90
0220 F3 20 3D 1F A5 8F 30 E3 A2 03 CA 30 DE D6 86 D0
0230 F9 86 99 A4 99 B6 83 B9 ED 02 35 7C 95 7C E8 96
0240 83 B9 ED 02 49 FF 15 7C 95 7C E0 05 30 2B D0 06
0250 A5 8F F0 1B D0 23 A2 02 38 B5 83 E9 06 95 83 CA
0260 10 F6 A2 06 B5 7C 95 76 A9 80 95 7C CA D0 F5 C6
0270 8F D0 06 A5 81 09 06 85 81 B9 89 00 F0 0A 20 C5
0280 02 29 3C D0 1A 99 89 00 20 C5 02 29 38 85 9A B9
0290 8C 00 30 0B 29 38 C5 9A B0 05 A9 FF 99 89 00 20
02A0 3D 1F A0 FF A6 99 3D F0 02 F0 01 88 98 55 89 85
02B0 9A 20 C5 02 38 29 01 65 9A 18 A6 99 75 8C 95 8C
02C0 95 86 4C 2A 02 38 A5 92 65 95 65 96 85 91 A2 04
02D0 B5 91 95 92 CA 10 F9 60 00 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
02E0 FF FF FF 80 80 80 00 00 00 80 80 80 08 FE BF F7
02F0 01 02 04 
			
71

			
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
			KEY TRAIN

			Ever wish you could touch-type your KIM keypad like some people
can type?  It's not hard; all you need is practice.  And what
better teacher to drill you on key entry than the KIM system 
itself?

Load this fully relocatable program anywhere.  Start it up, and
the display will show a random hexadecimal digit, from 0 to F.
Hit the corresponding key, and the display will blank, and then
present you with another random digit.  Hit the wrong key and
nothing will happen.

The educational principle involved is called positive reinforcement.
That is, you're rewarded for doing the right thing, and ignored if
you do it wrong.  A few minutes of practice a day. and you'll become
a speed demon on the keyboard!

0000 20 40 1F START  JSR KEYIN
0003 D0 FB           BNE START   key still depressed - blank
0005 AD 04 17        LDA TIMER   random value
0008 4A 4A           LSRA LSRA   wipe high order bits
000A 4A 4A           LSRA LSRA
000C 85 FF           STA TEMP    save the digit
000E 0A 0A           ASLA ASLA   move back left
0010 0A 0A           ASLA ASLA
0012 05 FF           ORA TEMP    repeat the digit
0014 85 F9           STA INH     put..
0016 85 FA           STA FOINTL    ..into..
0018 85 FB           STA P0INTH         .. display
001A 20 1F 1F LIGHT  JSR SCANDS  light display
001D 20 6A 1F        JSR GETKEY  test keys
0020 C5 FF           CMP TEMP    right key?
0022 F0 DC           BEQ START   yes, blank & rpeat
0024 D0 F4           BNE LIGHT


The random number used in this program is taken from the KIM timer.
This timer runs continuously and might be anywhere between 00 and FF
at the instant we push the button.  We use the four left hand (high order)
bits of the timer to produce the next digit.

Be sure that KIM is not in decimal mode when you run this program -
set address 00F1 to 00 before starting.  If You forget, you might
find that the alphabetic keys (A to F) don't work right.

Exercises:  can you make the program clear decimal mode automatically?
How about a counter to record the number of correct keystrokes you
have made?  That way, you could time yourself to see how many keys
you can get right in 60 seconds.  The count could be shown in the
two right hand digits of the display.  Do you think it should be
in decimal or hexadecimal? 
			
72

			
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
			
KIM NIM
			
Here's a jumbo NIM that's good for all skill levels.
Why?  Because KIM matches wits with you - literally.
Play a duffer's game and KIM will make lots of errors,
too.  Start winning a few - and KIM will move up to
the master player level.

Hit GO and several digits on the KIM display will light.
Each lit digit represents a pile of objects you can
pick from.  Decide which pile you want, and enter
its identity:  A for the left-hand pile through to
P for the right-hand pile.  The pile you have selected
will start to flash on and off.  Now enter the number
of items you want to take from that pile.

KIM will take its turn the same way - you'll see
the pile selected begin to flash, and then some
items will be taken away.  After the computer moves,
it's your turn again.

The winner is the player who takes the last object.
When this happens, KIM will identify the winner.
A new game can be started at any time by hitting GO.

0200 20 40 1F START  JSR KEYIN   directional regs
0203 20 6A 1F        JSR GETKEY
0206 C9 13           CMP #$13    GO key?
0208 D0 3A           BNE NOGO    nope, skip
020A AD 04 17        LDA TIMER   get random nbr
020D A2 02           LDX #2      split into 3
020F A8       SPLIT  TAY         save A
0210 29 07           AND #7      extract 3 bits
0212 F0 03           BEQ ZINCH   unless zero..
0214 18              CLC         ..add two
0215 69 02           ADC #2
0217 95 04    ZINCH  STA VALUE,X  store pile val
0219 98              TYA          bring back rand
021A 4A 4A 4A        LSRA LSRA LSRA
021D CA              DEX
021E 10 EF           BPL SPLIT
0220 20 40 1F STALL  JSR KEYIN   wait for..
0223 D0 FB           BNE STALL   ..key release
0225 AD 04 17        LDA TIMER   new random nbr
0228 A2 02           LDX #2      split 3 ways
022A A8       SPLAT  TAY         again
022B 29 07           AND #7      3 bits
022D 95 07           STA VALUE+3,X
022F 98              TYA
0230 4A 4A 4A        LSRA LSRA LSRA
0233 CA              DEX
0234 10 F4           BPL SPLAT
0236 85 01           STA PILE    pile zero
0238 85 02           STA MOVE    it's your move
023A A2 06           LDX #6      for each pile.. 
			
73

			023C B5 03    DRESS  LDA VALUE-1,X  ..change to
023E 20 2D 03        JSR SEG      ..segments
0241 CA              DEX
0242 D0 F8           BNE DRESS
0244 A6 02    NOGO   LDX MOVE    whose move?
0246 D0 3D           BNE NOKEY   computer's~ skip
0248 C9 10           CMP #$10    hex digit keyed?
024A B0 39           BCS NOKEY   no, skip
024C 09 00           CMP #0      zero key?
024E F0 35           BEQ NOKEY   yes, skip
0250 C9 CA           CMP #$0A    alphabetic?
0252 90 12           BCC NUM     no, numeric
0254 38              SEC         change A-F
0255 E9 09           SBC #9      ..to 1-6
0257 A6 01           LDX PILE    pile already..
0259 D0 2A           BNB NOKEY   ..selected?
025B AA              TAX
025C B5 0A           LDA FLASHR,X
025E F0 25           BEQ NOKEY   nothing in pile?
0260 86 01           STX PILE    OK, mark pile
0262 95 CA           STA FLASHR  store flash code
0264 B0 1F           BCS NOKEY   unconditional
0266 A6 01    NUM    LDX PILE
0268 F0 1B           BEQ NOKEY   no pile selected
026A 85 03           STA TEMP    save number
026C B5 03           LDA VALUE-i,X  pile value
026E C5 03           CMP TEMP    pile big enough?
0270 90 13           BCC NOKEY   nope
0272 E5 03           SBC TEMP    yes, take out
0274 20 2D 03        JSR SEG     compute segments
0277 E6 02           INC MOVE    computer's move
0279 20 16 03        JSR SURVEY  end of game?
027C D0 07           BNE NOKEY   no, keep going
027E 20 05 03        JSR MESSAG  yes, show messg
0281 85 0B           STA WINDOW  ''I LOSE''
0283 46 00           LSR IQ      get smart!
; all routines join here - display
0285 A6 01    NOKEY  LDX PILE
0287 A5 0A           LDA FLASHR  flash pile
0289 55 0A           EOR FLASHR,X
028B 95 0A           STA FLASHR,X
02BD A9 7F           LDA #$7F
028F 8D 41 17        STA PADD
0292 A0 13    LIGHT  LDY #13
0294 A2 05           LDX #5
0296 B5 0B    LITE   LDA WINDOW,X
0298 85 40 17        STA SAD
029B 8C 42 17        STY SBD
029E E6 11    LITEX  INC CUE
02A0 D0 FC           BNE LITEX
02A2 88 88           DEY DEY
02A4 CA              DEX
02A5 10 ED           BPL LITE
02A7 E6 12           INC WAIT
02A9 D0 E7           BNE LIGHT 
			
74

			02AB A9 F8           LDA #$F8
02AD 85 12           STA WAIT
02AF A6 02           LDX MOVE   whose move?
02B1 F0 4E           BEQ EXIT   not computer's
02B3 CA              DEX        first step?
02B4 D0 2B           BNE TRY    no, skip stratgy
02B6 A9 00           LDA #0
02B8 A2 05           LDX #5     merge all piles..
02BA 55 04    MERGE  EOR VALUE,X  ..by EOR-ing them
C2BC CA              DEX
02BD 10 FB           BPL MERGE
02BF 85 CA           STA FLASHR  save EOR product
02C1 A2 06           LDX #6      re-examine piles
02C3 B5 03    LOOP   LDA VALUE-1,X
02C5 45 0A           EOR FLASHR
02C7 D5 03           CMP VALUE-1,X
02C9 90 05           BCC FOUND
02CB CA              DEX
02CC D0 F5           BNE LOOP
02CE F0 0B           BEQ MOVE
02D0 A4 00    FOUND  LDY IQ   IQ high enuff?
02D2 CC 04 17        CPY TIMER   ..randomly..
02D5 B0 04           BCS MOVE    no, move dumb
02D7 85 03           STA TEMP    amount
02D9 86 01           STX PILE    pile number
02DB A6 01    MOVE   LDX PILE
02DD B5 0A           LDA FLASHR,X  flash mask
02DF 85 0A           STA FLASHR    Flash...
02E1 E6 02    TRY    INC MOVE    but don't make
02E3 A5 02           LDA MOVE    ..the move till..
02E5 C9 10           CMP #$10    ..time has passed
C2E7 90 18           BCC EXIT
02E9 A6 01           LDX PILE    time to move!
02EB A5 03           LDA TEMP
02ED 20 2D CD        JSR SEG     make move
02F0 20 16 03        JSR SURVEY   end of game?
02F3 D0 06           BNE KEEP    nope, keep goin
02F5 20 05 03        JSR MESSAG    'U LOSE'
02F8 38              SEC         dummy up..
02F9 26 00           ROL IQ      ..the computer
02FB A9 00    KEEP   LDA #0
02FD 85 02           STA MOVE   it's your move
02FF 85 01           STA PILE   un-flash
0301 D8              CLD
0302 40 00 02        JMP   START
  
0305 A9 00    MESSAG LDA #0
0307 85 02           STA MOVE   end of play
0309 85 01           STA PILE   no flashing
030B A2 06           LDX #6     move 7 digits
030D BD 3B 03 MLOOF  LDA DATA,X   pick em up..
0310 95 CA           STA FLASHR,X ..put em down
0312 CA              DEX
0313 10 F8           BPL MLOOP
0315 60              RTS 
			
75

			0316 A9 00    SURVEY LDA #0
0318 85 0A           STA FLASHR un-flash
031A A2 06           LDX #6     for all piles..
031C D5 03    REVUE  CMP VALUE-1,X
031E B0 06           BCS SMALL
0320 B5 03           LDA VALUE-1,X
0322 85 03           STA TEMP
0324 86 01           STX PILE
0326 CA       SMALL  DEX
0327 D0 F3           BNE REVUE
0329 C6 03           DEC TEMP
032B A8              TAY        test A
032C 60              RTS
  
032D 95 03    SEG    STA VALUE-1,X  store value
032F F0 04           BEQ NIL        blank digit
0331 A8              TAY
0332 39 E7 1F        LDA TABLE,Y
0335 95 0A    NIL    STA FLASHR,X   segments to wndw
0337 A9 00           LDA #0
0339 60              RTS
  
033A FF 06 BE 00 B8 BF ED F9   (DATA)   0342


XXXXX HEX DUMP - KIM NIM XXXX


0200 20 40 1F 20 6A 1F C9 13 D0 3A AD 04 17 A2 02 A8
0210 29 07 F0 03 18 69 02 95 04 98 4A 4A 4A CA 10 EF
0220 20 40 1F D0 FB AD 04 17 A2 02 A8 29 07 95 07 98
0230 4A 4A 4A CA 10 F4 85 01 85 02 A2 06 B5 03 20 2D
0240 03 CA D0 F8 A6 02 D0 3D C9 10 B0 39 C9 00 F0 35
0250 C9 0A 90 12 38 E9 09 A6 01 D0 2A AA B5 0A F0 25
0260 86 01 85 0A B0 1F A6 01 F0 1B 85 03 B5 03 C5 03
0270 90 13 E5 03 20 2D 03 E6 02 20 16 03 D0 07 20 05
0280 03 85 0B 46 00 A6 01 A5 0A 55 0A 95 0A A9 7F 8D
0290 41 17 A0 13 A2 05 B5 0B 8D 40 17 8C 42 17 E6 11
02A0 D0 FC 88 88 CA 10 EF E6 12 D0 E7 A9 F8 85 12 A6
02B0 02 F0 4E CA D0 2B A9 00 A2 05 55 04 CA 10 FB 85
02C0 0A A2 06 85 03 45 0A D5 03 90 05 CA D0 F5 F0 0B
02D0 A4 00 CC 04 17 B0 04 85 03 86 01 A6 01 B5 0A 85
02E0 0A E6 02 A5 02 C9 10 90 18 A6 01 A5 03 20 2D 03
02F0 20 16 03 D0 06 20 05 03 38 26 00 A9 00 85 02 85
0300 01 D8 4C 00 02 A9 00 85 02 85 01 A2 06 BD 3B 03
0310 95 0A 0A 10 F8 60 A9 00 85 0A A2 06 D5 03 B0 06
0320 B5 03 85 03 86 01 CA D0 F3 C6 03 A8 60 95 03 F0
0330 04 A8 B9 E7 1F 95 0A A9 00 60 FF 06 BE 00 B8 BF
0340 ED F9 
			
76

			
BY LEW EDWARDS 
			
KIM-TAC-TOE

			(Deleted due to error in copying)
			
83

			
JIM         
BUTTERFIELD
LUNAR LANDER

			Description -

			
This program starts at 0200.  When started, you will find
yourself at 4500 feet and falling.  The thrust on your machine
is set to low; so you will pick up speed due to the force of
gravity.
You can look at your fuel at any time by pressing the
"F" button.  Your fuel (initially 800 pounds) will be shown
in the first four digits of the KIM display.
The first two digits of the KIM display always show
your rate of descent or ascent.  "A" restores altitude.
Set your thrust by pressing buttons 1 through 9.
Warning: button 0 turns you motor off, and it will not
reignite!  A thrust of 1, minimum, burns very little fuel;
but gravity will be pulling your craft down faster and
faster.  A thrust of 9, maximum, overcomes gravity
and reduces your rate of descent very sharply  A thrust of 5
exactly counterbalances gravity; you will continue to descend
(or ascend) at a constant rate.  If you run out of fuel,
your thrust controls will become inoperative.
A safe landing is considered to be one where you land
at a descent rate of 5 or less. After you land, your thrust
controls will be inoperative, since the motor is automatically
turned off; but you can still preff "F" to look at your fuel.
Pressing "GO" starts a new flight.

Suggestions for a safe flight:
(1) Conserve fuel at the beginning by pressing 1.  You
begin to pick up speed downwards.
(2) When your rate of descent gets up to the 90's, you're
falling fast enough.  Press 5 to steady the rate.
(3) When your altitude reaches about 1500 feet, you'll
need to slow down.  Press 9 and slow down fast.
(4) When your rate of descent has dropped to 15 or 20,
steady the craft by pressing 5 or 6. Now you're on
your own.

;  main routine - initialization
0200 A2 0D    GO     LDX #13   fourteen bytes
0202 BD CC 02 LP1    LDA INIT,X
0205 95 D5           STA ALT,X
0207 CA              DEX
0208 10 F8           BPL LP1
;  Update height and velocity
020A A2 05    CALC   LDX #5
020C A0 01    RECAL  LDY #1
020E F8              SED
020F 18              CLC 
			
84

			0210 B5 D5    DIGIT  LDA ALT,X
0212 75 D7           ADC ALT+2,X  add each digit
0214 95 D5           STA ALT,X
0216 CA              DEX
0217 88              DEY
0218 10 F6           BPL RECAL     next digit
021A B5 D8           LDA ALT+3,X  hi-order .. zero ..
021C 10 02           BPL INCR          .. or ..
021E A9 99           LDA #$99
0220 75 D5    INCR   ADC ALT,X
0222 95 D5           STA ALT,X
0224 CA              DEX
0225 10 E5           BPL RECAL  do next addition
0227 A5 D5           LDA ALT
0229 10 0D           BPL UP   still flying?
022B A9 00           LDA #0    nope, turn off
022D 85 E2           STA DOWN
022F A2 02           LDX #2
0231 95 D5    DD     STA ALT,X
0233 95 DB           STA TH2,X
0235 CA              DEX
0236 10 F9           BPL DD
0238 38       UP     SEC    update fuel
0239 A5 E0           LDA FUEL+2
023B E5 DD           SBC THRUST
023D 85 E0           STA FUEL+2
023F A2 01           LDX #1   two more digits to go
0241 B5 DE    LP2    LDA FUEL,X
0243 E9 00           SBC #0
0245 95 DE           STA FUEL,X
0247 CA              DEX
0248 10 F7           BPL LP2
024A B0 0C           BCS TANK  still got fuel?
024C A9 00           LDA #0     nope, kill motor
024E A2 03           LDX #3
0250 95 DD    LP3    STA THRUST,X
0252 CA              DEX
0253 10 FB           BPL LP3
; show alt, fuel, or messages
0255 20 BD 02        JSR THHRUST
0258 A5 DE    TANK   LDA FUEL   fuel into registers
025A A6 DF           LDX FUEL+1
025C 09 F0           ORA #$F0   plus F flag
025E A4 E1           LDY MODE
0260 F0 20           BEQ ST
0262 F0 9C    GOLINK BEQ GO
0264 F0 A4    CLINK  BEQ CALC
0266 A2 FE           LDX #$FE
0268 A0 5A           LDY #$5A
026A 18              CLC
026B A5 D9           LDA VEL+1
026D 69 05           ADC #5
026F A5 D8           LDA VEL
0271 69 00           ADC #0 
			
85

			0273 B0 04           BCS GOOD
0275 A2 AD           LDX #$AD
0277 A0 DE           LDY #$DE
0279 98       GOOD   TYA
027A A4 E2           LDY DOWN
027C F0 04           BEQ ST
027E A5 D5           LDA ALT
0280 A6 D6           LDX ALT+1
0282 85 FB    ST     STA POINTH
0284 86 FA           STX PONTL
; show rate of ascent/descent as absolute
0286 A5 D9           LDA VEL+1
0288 A6 D8           LDX VEL     up or down?
028A 10 05           BPL FLY      .. up, we're OK
028C 38              SEC
028D A9 00           LDA #0
028F E5 D9           SBC VEL+1
0291 85 F9    FLY    STA INH
0293 A9 02           LDA #2     loop twice thru display
0295 85 E3           STA DECK
0297 D8       FLITE  CLD      display & key test
0298 20 1F 1F        JSR SCANDS  light 'em up!
029B 20 6A 1F        JSR GETKEY  check keys
029E C9 13           CMP #$13    GO key?
02A0 F0 C0           BEQ GOLINK    ...yes
02A2 B0 03           BCS NOKEY     .. if no key
02A4 20 AD 02        JSR DOKEY
02A7 C6 E3    NOKEY  DEC DECK
02A9 D0 ED           BNE FLITE
02AB F0 B7           BEQ CLINK  to CALC
; subroutine to test keys
02AD C9 0A    DOKEY  CMP #$0A   test numeric
02AF 90 05           BCC NUMBER
02B1 49 0F           EOR #$0F  Fuel F gives 0 flag
02B3 85 E1           STA MODE
02B5 60       RETRN  RTS
02B6 AA       NUMBER TAX
02B7 A5 DD           LDA THRUST    test; is motor off?
02B9 F0 FA           BEQ RETRN    yes, ignore key
02BB 86 DD           STA THRUST   no, store thrust
; calculate accel as thrust minus 5
02BD A5 DD    THRSET LDA THRUST
02BF 38              SEC
02C0 F8              SED
02C1 E9 05           SBC #5
02C3 85 DC           STA TH2+1
02C5 A9 00           LDA #0
02C7 E9 00           SBC #0
02C9 85 DB           STA TH2
02CB 60              RTS
; initial values
02CC 45 01 00        .BYTE $45,1,0    altitude
02CF 99 81 00        .BYTE $99,$81,0  rate of ascent 
			
86

			02D2 99 97           .BYTE $99,$97    acceleration
02D4 02              .BYTE 2          thrust
02D5 08 00 00        .BYTE 8,0,0      fuel
02D8 01              .BYTE 1          display mode
02D9 01              .BYTE 1          in flight/landed
; end

00D5             ALT    *=*+3
00D8             VEL    *=*+3
00DB             TH2    *=*+2
00DD             THRUST *=*+1
00DE             FUEL   *=*+1
00E1             MODE   *=*+1
00E2             DOWN   *=*+1
00E3             DECK   *=*+1
; linkages to KIM monitor
SCANDS = $1F1F
GETKEY = $1F6A
POINTH = $FB
POINTL = $FA
INH    = $F9

***** Hex Dump - Lunar Lander *****

0200 A2 0D BD CC 02 95 D5 CA 10 F8 A2 05 A0 01 F8 18
0210 B5 D5 75 D7 95 D5 CA 88 10 F6 B5 D8 10 02 A9 99
0220 75 D5 95 D5 CA 10 E5 A5 D5 10 0D A9 00 85 E2 A2
0230 02 95 D5 95 DB CA 10 F9 38 A5 E0 E5 DD 85 E0 A2
0240 01 B5 DE E9 00 95 DE CA 10 F7 B0 0C A9 00 A2 03
0250 95 DD CA 10 FB 20 BD 02 A5 DE A6 DF 09 F0 A4 E1
0260 F0 20 F0 9C F0 A4 A2 FE A0 5A 18 A5 D9 69 05 A5
0270 D8 69 00 B0 04 A2 AD A0 DE 98 A4 E2 F0 04 A5 D5
0280 A6 D6 85 FB 86 FA A5 D9 A6 D8 10 05 38 A9 00 E5
0290 D9 85 F9 A9 02 85 E3 D8 20 1F 1F 20 6A 1F C9 13
02A0 F0 C0 B0 03 20 AD 02 C6 E3 D0 ED F0 B7 C9 0A 90
02B0 05 49 0F 85 E1 60 AA A5 DD F0 FA 86 DD A5 DD 38
02C0 F8 E9 05 85 DC A9 00 E9 00 85 DB 60 45 01 00 99
02D0 81 00 99 97 02 08 00 00 01 01



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:  Ted Beach suggested the addition of 
the F flag when displaying fuel. Chuck Eaton spotted 
the cause of an erratic bug in the original keyboard 
input subroutine.  Thanks to both. 
			
87

			
Do you have or know where to find a recording, a
wave or mp3 of the output of next program?

Please sent it to:

Erik Van den Broeck
Elfde Julilaan 130
B8500 Kortrijk
Belgium

+ 32 56 202142 
				users.telenet.be/kim1-6502
erik.vdbroeck at telenet.be

			
JIM BUTTERFIELD
			MUSIC BOX

			DESCRIPTION
			
 THIS PROGRAM PLAYS ONE OR SEVERAL TUNES VIA THE "AUDIO OUT"
INTERFACE OF KIM-1; USE THE SAME CONNECTION AS THAT FOR
RECORDING ON CASSETTE TAPE. IF YOUR TAPE RECORDER HAS
A "MONITOR" FEATURE, YOU CAN LISTEN TO THE TUNE AS WELL
AS RECORD IT. ALTERNATIVELY, AN AMPLIFIER WILL PLAY THE
SIGNAL THROUGH A SPEAKER.

HOW TO RUN

LOAD THE PROGRAM; LOAD THE TUNE(S) EITHER FROM CASSETTE
TAPE, PAPER TAPE, OR KEYBOARD ENTRY.  BE SURE TO STORE
THE VALUE FA AT THE END OF EACH TUNE, AND BEHIND THE LAST
TUNE, STORE: FF 00.
STARTING ADDRESS FOR THE PROGRAM IS 200; ENTER AD 0 2 0 0 GO.

HOW TO WRITE YOUR OWN TUNE(S)

EACH NOTE GOES INTO A BYTE OF STORAGE, STARTING AT LOCATION
0000 OF MEMORY. EACH TUNE SHOULD END WITH THE VALUE FA
WHICH STOPS THE PROGRAM UNTIL GO IS PRESSED.

SPECIAL CODES ARE INCORPORATED IN THE PROGRAM TO ALLOW
CERTAIN EFFECTS - ADJUSTMENT OF SPEED, TONE, ETC.
THE CODES ARE FOLLOWED BY A VALUE WHICH SETS THE
PARTICULAR EFFECT.  CODES ARE LISTED BELOW:

CODE         EFFECT        INITIALLY        EXAMPLES
FB  SETS SPEED OF TUNE       $30    18 IS QUICK; 60 IS SLOW
FC  SETS LENGTH OF            02    2 MEANS, "LONG NOTE LASTS
"LONG" NOTES                   TWICE AS LONG AS SHORT"
FD  SETS OCTAVE (PITCH)       01    2 IS BASS; 4 IS DEEP BASS.
FE  SETS INSTRUMENT         $FF    FF IS PIANO; 00 IS CLARINET
FF  SETS ADDRESS FOR         00    00 WILL TAKE YOU BACK TO
TUNE                           FIRST TUNE; LIKE A "JUMP"

FOR EXAMPLE, AT ANY TIME DURING A TUNE, YOU MAY INSERT 
THE SEQUENCE FB 18 AND THE TUNE WILL THEN BEGIN TO PLAY 
AT FAST SPEED. INSERTING FF 45 WILL CAUSE A SWITCH TO 
THE TUNE AT ADDRESS 45.  THE INITIAL VALUES SHOWN CAN 
BE RESET AT ANY TIME BY STARTING AT ADDRESS 200.

NO TUNE SHOULD EXTEND BEYOND ADDRESS DF, SINCE PROGRAM 
VALUES ARE STORED AT E0 AND UP.

THE PROGRAM CAN BE EASILY CONVERTED TO A SUBROUTINE 
(BY REPLACING THE BRK INSTRUCTION WITH A RTS).  THIS ALLOWS 
THE PROGRAMMER TO PLAY VARIOUS "PHRASES" OF MUSIC TO 
PRODUCE QUITE COMPLEX TUNES. 
			
88

			***** Fixed locations for MUSIC BOX *****
WORK     =    $E0
LIMIT    =    $E6
VAL2     =    $E9
VAL1     =    $EA
TIMER    =    $EB
XSAV     =    $EC
SBD      =    $1742
PBDD     =    $1743
*=   $0200

; PROGRAM - MUSIC BOX


THE LOWEST NOTE YOU CAN PLAY IS A BELOW MIDDLE C.  FOR EACH NOTE,
YOU CAN SELECT WHETER IT IS PLAYED AS A LONG NOTE OR A SHORT NOTE
(NORMALY, A LONG NOTE WILL LAST TWICE AS LONG AS A SHORT NOTE).

SOME OF THE NOTES ARE AS FOLLOWS:

NOTE                SHORT LONG

A..................75   75
A#                 6E   EE
B..................68   E8
MIDDLE  C                  62   E2
C#.................5C   DC
D                  56   D6
D#.................52   D2
E                  4D   CD
F..................48   C8
F#                 44   C4
G..................40   C0
G#                 3C   BC
A..................39   B9
A#                 35   B5
B..................32   B2
HIGH  C                  2F   AF
C#.................2C   AC
D                  29   A9
E..................24   A4
F                  22   A2
G..................1E   9E
PAUSE                 00   80


; INITIALIZE - RESET WORK PARAMETERS

0200 A2 05    START    LDX  #5
0202 BD 86 02 LP1      LDA  INIT,X
0205 95 E0             STA  WORK,X
0207 CA                DEX
0208 10 F8             BPL  LP1
; MAIN ROUTINE HERE - WORK NOT RESET
020A A9 BF    GO       LDA  #$BF
020C 8D 43 17          STA  PBDD      open output channel
020F A0 00             LDY  #0
0211 B1 E4             LDA  (WORK+4),Y    get next note
0213 E6 E4             INC  WORK+4
0215 C9 FA             CMP  #$FA       test for halt
0217 D0 04             BNE  NEXT
0219 00                BRK       (or RTS if used as subroutine)
021A EA                NOP
021B F0 ED             BEQ  GO      resume when GO pressed
021D 90 0B    NEXT     BCC  NOTE    is it a note?
021F E9 FB             SBC  #$FB    if not, decode instrument
0221 AA                TAX             and put it into x 
			
89

			0222 B1 E4               LDA  (WORK+4),Y GET PARAMETER
0224 E6 E4               INC  WORK+4
0226 95 E0               STA  WORK,X     STORE IN WORK TABLE
0228 B0 E0               BCS  GO         UNCONDITIONAL BRANCH

; SET UP FOR TIMING NOTE

022A A6 E0     NOTE      LDX  WORK       TIMING
022C 86 E7               STX  LIMIT+1
022E A6 E1               LDX  WORK+1     LONG NOTE FACTOR
0230 A8                  TAY             TEST ACCUM.
0231 30 02               BMI  OVER       LONG NOTE?
0233 A2 01               LDX  #1         NOPE, SET SHORT NOTE

0235 86 E6        OVER    STX  LIMIT        store length factor
0237 29 7F                AND  #$7F         remove short/long flag
0239 85 E9                STA  VAL2
023B F0 02                BEQ  HUSH         is it a pause
023D 85 EA                STA  VAL1         no, set pitch
023F A5 E9        HUSH    LDA  VAL2         get timing and
0241 25 E3                AND  WORK+3       bypass if muted
0243 F0 04                BEQ  ON
0245 E6 EA                INC  VAL1         else fade the
0247 C6 E9                DEC  VAL2            note
0249 A6 E9        ON      LDX  VAL2
024B A9 A7                LDA  #$A7
024D 20 5D 02             JSR  SOUND
0250 30 B8                BMI  GO
0252 A6 EA                LDX  VAL1
0254 A9 27                LDA  #$27
0256 20 5D 02             JSR  SOUND
0259 30 AF                BMI  GO
025B 10 E2                BPL  HUSH

; SUBROUTINE TO SEND A BIT

025D A4 E2        SOUND    LDY  WORK+2   octave flag
025F 84 EB                 STY  TIMER
0261 86 EC                 STX  XSAV
0263 E0 00        SLOOP    CPX  #0
0265 D0 08                 BNE  CONT
0267 A6 EC                 LDX  XSAV
0269 C6 EB                 DEC  TIMER
026B D0 F6                 BNE  SLOOP
026D F0 16                 BEQ  SEX
026F 8D 42 17     CONT     STA  SBD
0272 CA                    DEX
0273 C6 E8                 DEC  LIMIT+2
0275 D0 EC                 BNE  SLOOP
0277 C6 E7                 DEC  LIMIT+1
0279 D0 E8                 BNE  SLOOP
027B A4 E0                 LDY  WORK
027D 84 E7                 STY  LIMIT+1
027F C6 E6                 DEC  LIMIT 
			
90

			0281 D0 E0                 BNE  SLOOP
0283 A9 FF                 LDA  #$FF
0285 60           SEX      RTS
; INITIAL CONSTANTS
0286 30 02 01     INIT     .BYTE $30,2,1
0209 FF 00 00              .BYTE $FF,0,0

SAMPLE MUSIC FOR MUSIC BOX PROGRAM

0000 FB 18 FE FF 44 51 E6 E6 66 5A 51 4C C4 C4 C4 D1
0010 BD BD BD 00 44 BD 00 44 3D 36 33 2D A8 80 80 33
0020 44 B3 80 80 44 51 C4 80 80 5A 51 E6 80 80 FA

0020                                           FE
0030 00 FB 28 5A 5A 51 48 5A 48 D1 5A 5A 51 48 DA E0
0040 5A 5A 51 48 44 48 51 5A 60 79 6C 60 DA DA FA

0040                                              FE
0050 FF 5A 5A 5A 5A 5A 5A 66 72 79 E6 E6 80 00 56 56
0060 56 56 56 56 5A 66 F2 80 80 4C 4B 4C 4C 4C 4C 56
0070 5A 56 4C 00 Ch 44 4C 56 5A 5A 56 5A 66 56 6A 66
0080 F2 80 FE 00 00 72 5A CC 72 5A CC 72 5A CC 80 B8
0090 80 4C 56 5A 56 5A E6 F2 80 FA FF 00

NOTE THAT TUNES 1 AND 2 SET BOTHTHE SPEED AND THE INSTRUMENT. 
TUNE 3 CONTINUES AT THE SAME SPEED AS THE PREVIOUS ONE; BUT THE 
INSTRUMENT IS CHANGED DURING THE TUNE.

THE PROGRAM CAN BE CHANGED TO USE THE SPEAKER SHOWN IN
FIGURE 5.1OF THE KIM MANUAL AS FOLLOWS:

BYTE          INITIALLY       CHANGE TO
020D              43                01
024C              A7                FF
0255              27                00
0270              42                00


***** Extra Datafile for Music Box *****


0000-  FE 00 56 52 AD AF AD AF AD FC 06 AF FC 02 FE FF
0010-  2F 29 26 24 2F 29 AA 32 A9 FC 06 AF FC 02 FE 00
0020-  56 52 AD AF 5D AF AD FC 06 AF FC 02 FE FF 39 40
0030-  44 39 2F AF 29 2F 39 A9 B0 80 FE 00 56 52 AD AF
0040-  AD AF 0D FC 06 AF FC 02 FE FF 2F 29 26 24 2F 29
0050-  AA 32 A9 AF B0 80 2F 29 24 2F 29 A4 2F 29 2F 24
0060-  2F 29 AA 2F 29 2F 2A 2F 29 AQ 32 A9 AF 80 80 FA
0070-  FF 00

Note: be sure to set the break vector 17FE,FF (00,1C) 
			
91

			
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
			MULTI-MAZE & PING PONG 

			(Deleted due to error in copying)
			
94 - 99

			
By Peter Jennings              
Modified by Jim Butterfield
QUICK

			Description -
			
 Here's a program to test your speed of reaction. Press
"GO" and the display will blank for a random period of time. wben it lights, hit any numbered button. The number on the
display will tell you how quick you were; the smaller the
number, the faster your reaction time. You may play repeatedly,
just press "GO" each time you want a new test.




0300  A5 F9    START      LDA INH    RANDOMIZE DELAY
0302  2A                  ROL A      ..BY MULTIPLYING
0303  65 F9               ADC INH       BY 3 AND
0305  29 7F               AND #$7F       MASKING
0307  85 FB               STA POINTH WORK IN DISPLAY AREA
0309  20 40 1F ZIP        JSR KEYIN  IF YOU CHEAT BY KEYING...
030C  D0 fb               BNE ZIP    PROGRAM WAITS YOU OUT
030E  E6 FA               INC POINTL
0310  D0 F7               BNE ZIP    COUNT DOWN FOR
0312  E6 FB               INC POINTH  RANDOM DELAY
0314  D0 F3               BNE ZIP
0316  85 F9               STA INH    SET TO ZERO
0318  A2 FD    RUN        LDX #$FD   NEGATIVE THREE
031A  F8                  SED        COUNT IN DECIMAL
031B  38                  SEC        ADD VALUE 1
031C  B5 FC    DIGIT      LDA POINTH+1,X
031E  69 00               ADC #$00   ADD IT IN
0320  95 FC               STA POINTH+1,X
0322  E8                  INX        MOVE ON TO NEXT DIGITS
0323  D0 F7               BNE DIGIT
0325  D8                  CLD
0326  20 1F 1F            JSR SCANDS LIGHT UP COUNT
0329  F0 ED               BEQ RUN    AND KEEP COUNTING
032B  20 1F 1F STAND      JSR SCANDS
032E  20 6A 1F            JSR GETKEY
0331  C9 13               CMP #$13    GO KEY DEPRESSED?
0333  D0 F6               BNE STAND   NOPE, HOLD IT
0335  F0 C9               BEQ START   YUP, START OVER


***** Hex Dump - Quick *****

0300-   A5 F9 2A 65 F9 29 7F 85 FB 20 40 1F D0 FB E6 FA
0310-   D0 F7 E6 FB D0 F3 85 F9 A2 FD F8 38 B5 FC 69 00
0320-   95 FC E8 D0 F7 D8 20 1F 1F F0 ED 20 1F 1F 20 6A
0330-   1F C9 13 D0 F6 F0 C9 
			
100

			
By Jim Butterfield
			
REVERSE

			(Deleted due to error in copying)
			
105

			
By Joel Swank
			TIMER

			Description -
TIMER turns KIM into a digital stopwatch showing up to
99 minutes and 59.99 seconds. It is designed to be accurate
to 50 microseconds per second. The interval timer is used
to count 9984 cycles and the instructions between the time
out and the reset of the timer make up the other 16 cycles
in .01 seconds. The keyboard is used to control the routine
as follows: Stop (0), Go (1), Return to KIM {4) , Reset (2).



0200  A9 00     BEGN       LDA #$00
0202  85 F9                STA INH     ZERO DISPLAY
0204  85 FA                STA POINTL
0206  85 FB                STA POINTH
0208  20 1F 1F  HOLD       JSR SCANDS  LIGHT DISPLAY
020B  20 6A 1F             JSR GETKEY
020E  C9 04                CMP #$04    KEY 4?
0210  D0 03                BNE CONT
0212  4C 64 1C             JMP 1C64    RETURN TO KIM
0215  C9 02     CONT       CMP #$02    KEY 2?
0217  FF E7                BEQ BEGN    BACK TO ZERO
0219  C9 0l                CMP #$01    KEY 1?
021B  D0 EB                BNE HOLD
021D  A9 9C                LDA #$9C
021F  8D 06 17             STA 1706    SET TIMER
0222  20 1F 1F  DISP       JSR SCANDS  DISPLAY VALUE
0225  AD 07 17  CLCK       LDA 1707    CHECK TIMER
0228  F0 FB                BEQ CLCK
022A  8D 00 1C             STA ROM     DELAY 4 MrCROSEC.
022D  A9 9C                LDA #$9C    SET TIMER
022F  8D 06 17             STA 1706
0232  18                   CLC
0233  F8                   SED         SET FLAGS
0234  A5 F9                LDA INH
0236  69 0l                ADC #$0l    rNC. lOOThS
0238  85 F9                STA INH
023A  A5 FA                LDA POINTL
023C  69 00                ADC #$00    INC. SECONDS
023E  85 FA                STA POINTL
0240  C9 60                CMP #$60    STOP AT 60
0242  D0 0B                BNE CKEY
0244  A9 00                LDA #$00
0246  85 FA                STA POINTL  ZERO SECONDS
0248  A5 FB                LDA POINTH
024A  18                   CLC
024B  69 0l                ADC #$01    INC. MINUTES
024D  85 FB                STA POINTH
024f  D8        CKEY       CLO
0250  20 6A 1F             JSR GETKEY  READ KEYBOARD
0253  C9 00                CMP #$00    KEY 0?
0255  D0 CB                BNE DISP
0257  F0 AF                BEQ HOLD    STOP 
			
106

			
By Stan Ockers
			WUMPUS 

			(Deleted due to error in copying)
			
113

			

			
			
			
114

			
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
			BRANCH

			Load this fully relocatable program anywhere.
Once it starts, key in the last two digits of
a branch instruction address; then the last two
digits of the address to which you are branching;
and read off the relative branch address.

For example, to calculate the branch to ADDR near the
end of this program:  hit 26 (from 0026); 20 (from 0020)
and read F8 on the two right hand digits of the display.
The program must be stopped with the RS key.

0000 D8        START CLD
0001 18              CLC
0002 A5 FA           LDA POINTL
0004 E5 FB           SBC POINTH
0006 85 F9           STA INH
0008 C6 F9           DEC INH
000A 20 1F 1F        JSR SCANDS
000D 20 6A 1F        JSR GETKEY
0010 C5 F3           CMP LAST
0012 F0 EC           BEQ START
0014 85 F3           STA LAST
0016 C9 10           CMP #$10
0018 B0 E6           BOS START
00lA 0A              ASL A
001B 0A              ASL A
001C 0A              ASL A
001D 0A              ASL A
00lE A2 04           LDX #4
0020 0A        ADD   ASL A
0021 26 FA           ROL POINTL
0023 26 FB           ROL POINTH
0025 0A              DEX
0026 D0 F8           BNE ADDR
0028 F0 D6           BEQ START


Keep in mind that the maximum "reach" of a branch instruction
is 127 locations forward (7F) or 128 locations backward (80).
If you want a forward branch, check that the calculated branch
is In the range 0l to 7F. Similarly, be sure that a backward
branch produces a value from 80 to FE. In either case, a value
outside these limits means that your desired branch is out of
reach. 
			
115

			
Jim Butterfield
			BROWSE

			Load BROWSE anywhere in memory - it's fully relocatable -
start it up, and presto!  It dcesn't seem to do anything.

BROWSE is a mini-Monitor that perrorms most or the functions
of the regular KIM monitor; but you'll find it handy for entering
and proof-reading programs.  Most of the keys work the same as
usual; but PC.  +. and DA are slightly different.

When you hit + you go to the next address as usual .. but then
you keep on going!  Great for proofreading a rpogram you've
just entered.  It lets you browse through memory.

Hit PC and the program steps backwards, so you can look at
a value you've just passed.  All other keys instantly freeze
the browsing process; you can hit AD or DA to stop on a given
address, or just enter a new address if you wish.

Key DA operates a little differently from the regular KIM
function.  To enter data, first set up the address before
the one you want to change.  As you enter the data, BROWSE
will autonatically step forward to the next address - and
then the next one, and so on.  You never need to hit the +
key during entry; and the display will show the last value
you have entered.

0110 8        START  CLD         clear decimal mode
0111 A9 13           LDA #$13    GO key image
0113 85 FE           STA CHAR
00l5 A9 00           LDA #$0     value zero..
0117 85 FA           STA POINTL  .,to address pointer
0119 85 FB           STA POINTH
011B C6 F3    LOOP   DEC WAIT    main program loop
011D D0 0E           BNE LP1     pause 1 second
011F A5 FD           LDA TMPX    up or down?
0121 F0 0A           BEQ LP1     neither
0123 10 69           BPL UP
0125 A5 FA           LDA POINTL  down, decrement
0127 D0 02           BNE DOWN    next page?
0129 C6 FB           DEC POINTH
012B C6 FA    DOWN   DEC POINTL
012D 20 19 1F LPl    JSR SCAND   light display
0130 20 6A 1F        JSR GETKEY  check keys
0133 C5 FE           CMP CHAR    same key as last time?
0135 F0 E4           BEQ LOOP
0137 85 FE           STA CHAR    note new key input
0139 C9 15           CMP #$15    no key?
013B F0 DE           BEQ LOOP    yes, skip
013D A2 00           LDX #0
013F 86 FD           STX TMPX    clear up/down flag 
			
116

			0141 C9 10           CMP #$10    numeric?
0143 90 1C           BCC NUM     yes, branch
0145 86 F4           STX DIGIT
0147 C9 11           CMP #$11    DA?
0149 F0 0l           BEQ OVER    yes, leave X=0
014B E8              INX         no, set X=l
014C 86 FF    OVER   STX MODE    0 or 1 into MODE
014E C9 12           CMP #$12    +?
0150 D0 02           BNE PASS    no. skip
0152 E6 FD           INC TMPX    yes, set browse
0154 C9 14    PASS   CMP #$14    PC?
0156 D0 02           BNE PASS2   no, skip
0158 C6 FD           DEC TMPX    yes, down-browse
015A C9 13    PASS2  CMP #$13    GO?
015C D0 CF           BNE LP1     no, loop
015E 4C C8 1D        JMP GOEXEC  start program
; numeric (hex) entry comes here
0161 0A 0A    NUM    ASLA ASLA   position digit
0163 0A 0A           ASLA ASLA   to left
0165 85 FC           STA TEMP
0167 A2 04           LDX #4      4 bits to move
0169 A4 FF           LDY MODE    AD or DA?
016B D0 17           BNE ADDR    branch if AD node
016D C6 F4           DEC DIGIT   time to step?
016F 10 07           BPL SAME    no, skip
0171 20 63 1F        JSR INCPT   yes, step
0174 E6 F4           INC DIGIT   ..and restore
0176 E6 F4           INC DIGIT         ..digit count
0178 B1 FA    SAME   LDA (POINTL),Y   get data
017A 06 FC    DADA   ASL TEMP       move a bit..
017C 2A              ROL A          ..into data
017D 91 FA           STA (POINTL),Y
017F CA              DEX
0180 D0 F8           BNE DADA       last bit?
0182 F0 A9           BEQ LPl        yes, exit
0184 0A       ADDR   ASLA         move bits
0185 26 FA           ROL POINTL   into address
0187 26 FB           ROL POINTH
0189 CA              DEX
018A D0 F8           BNE ADDR
018C F0 9F           BEQ LP1
; increment address for browsing
018E 20 63 1F UP     JSR INCPT
0191 AA              TAX
0192 10 99           BPL LP1
0194          end 
			
117

			
Jim Butterfield
			DIRECTORY

			Ever thought about the best way to organize your programs on tape?
I used to call the first program on each tape number 01, the next 02, etc.
Mostly I was afraid of forgetting the ID number and having trouble reading
it in.  Program DIRECTORY (below) fixes up that part of the problem and
liberates you to choose a better numbering scheme.

You've got 254 program IDs to choose frorn ... enough for most program
libraries with some to spare.

So every program and data file would carry a unique number ... and if
you've forgotten what's on a given tape, just run DIRECTORY and get all the
IDs.

Another thing that's handy to know is the starting address (SA) of a
program, expecially if you want to copy it to another tape.  (Ending add-
resses are easy ... just load the program, then look at the contents of
l7ED and 17EE).  Well, DIRECTORY shows starting addresses, too.


The program is fully relocatable, so put it anywhere convenient.
Start at the first instruction (0000 in the listing).  Incidentally, 0001
to 001D of this program are functionally identical to the KIM monitor 188C
to 18C1.

After you start the program, start your audio tape input.  When DI-
RECTORY finds a program, it will display the Start Address (first four
digits) and the Program ID.  Hit any key and it will scan for the next
program.


0000  D8            GO       CLD
0001  A9 07                  LDA #$07      Directional reg
0003  8D 42 17               STA SBD
0006  20 41 1A      SYN      JSR RDBIT     Scan thru bits...
0009  46 F9                  LSR INH       ..shifting new bit
000B  05 F9                  ORA INH       ..into left of
000D  85 F9                  STA INH       ..byte INH
000F  C9 16         TST      CMP #$16      SYNC character?
0011  D0 F3                  BNE SYN       no, back to bits
0013  20 24 1A               JSR RDCHT     get a character
0016  C6 F9                  DEC INH       count 22 SYNC's
0018  10 F5                  BPL TST
001A  C9 2A                  CMP #$2A      then test astk
001C  D0 F1                  BNE TST       ..or SYNC
001E  A2 FD                  LDX #$FD      if asterisk,
0020  20 F3 19      RD       JSR RDBYT     stack 3 bytes
0023  95 FC                  STA POINTH+1,x       into display
0025  E8                     INX                  area
0026  30 F8                  BMI RD
0028  20 1F 1F      Show     JSR SCANDS    ...and shine
002B  D0 D3                  BNE Go        until keyed
002D  F0 F9                  BEQ SHOW      at's all folks 
			
118

			
			
			
HYPERTAPE
			
How long does it take you to load a full lK of KIM-1 
memory?  Over two minutes?  And if you're going for 
memory expansion, how long will It take you to load 
your 8K? Twenty minutes?

Hold onto your hats. Program HYPERTAPE! will write fully compatible tapes in a fraction of the time. 
You can load a full 1K in 21 seconds.

Fully compatible means this: once you've written 
a tape using HYPERTAPE! you can read it back in using 
the normal KIM-1 program (starting at 1873 as usual). 
And the utilities and diagnostic programs work on this
super-compressed data (e.g., DIRECTORY and VUTAPE).

You'll need some memory space for the program, of course. 
If you have memory expansion, there'll be no problem 
finding space, of course.  But if you're on the basic 
KIM-1, as I am, you'll have to "squeeze in" HYPERTAPE! 
along with the programs you're dumping to tape.  I try 
to leave page 1 alone usually (the stack can overwrite 
your program due to bugs), so I stage HYPERTAPE! in 
that area.  For the convenience of relocation, the 
listing underlines those addresses that will need
changing. There are also four values needed in page zero which 
you may change to any convenient location.

For those Interested in the theory of the thing, I 
should mention: HYPERTAPE! is not the limit.  If you 
wished to abandon KIM-1 monitor compatibility, you 
could continue to speed up tape by a factor of 4 or 5
times more.  Can you imagine reading 1K in four seconds? 
For the moment, however, HYPERTAPE! is plenty fast for me.

; this program also included in Super-dupe
0100 A9 AD      DUMP    LDA #$AD
0102 8D EC 17           STA VEB
0105 20 32 19           JSR INTVEB   set up sub
0108 A9 27              LDA #$27
010A 85 F5              STA GANG    flag for SBD
010C A9 BF              LDA #$BF
010E 8D 43 17           STA PBDD
0111 A2 64              LDX #$64
0113 A9 16              LDA #$16
0115 20 61 01           JSR HIC
0118 A9 2A              LDA #$2A
011A 20 88 01           JSR OUTCHT
011D AD F9 17           LDA ID
0120 20 70 01           JSR OUTST
0123 AD F5 17           LDA SAL 
			
119

			0126 20 6D 01           JSR OUTBTC
0129 AD F6 17           LDA SAH
012C 20 6D 01           JSR OUTBTC
012F 20 EC 17   DUMPT4  JSR VEB
0132 20 6D 01           JSR OUTBTC
0135 20 EA 19           JSR INCVEB
0138 AD ED 17           LDA VEB+1
013B CD F7 17           CMP EAL
013E AD EE 17           LDA VEB+2
0141 ED F8 17           SBC EAH
0144 90 E9              BCC DUMPT4
0146 A9 2F              LDA #$2F
0148 20 88 01           JSR OUTCHT
014B AD E7 17           LDA CHKL
014E 20 70 01           JSR OUTBT
0151 AD E8 17           LDA CHKH
0154 20 70 01   EXIT    JSR OUTBT
0157 A2 02              LDX #$02
0159 A9 04              LDA #$04
015B 20 61 01           JSR HIC
015E 4C 5C 18           JMP DISPZ
;subroutines
0161 86 F1      HIC     STX TIC
0163 48         HIC1    PHA
0164 20 88 01           JSR OUTCHT
0167 68                 PLA
0168 C6 F1              DEC TIC
016A D0 F7              BNE HIC1
016C 60                 RTS
016D 20 4C 19   OUTBTC  JSR CHKT
0170 48         OUTBT   PHA
0171 4A                 LSR A
0172 4A                 LSR A
0173 4A                 LSR A
0174 4A                 LSR A
0175 20 7D 01           JSR HEXOUT
0178 68                 PLA
0179 20 7D 01           JSR HEXOUT
017C 60                 RTS
;
017D 29 0F      HEXOUT  AND #$0F
017F C9 0A              CMP #$0A
0181 18                 CLC
0182 30 02              BMI HEX1
0184 69 07              ADC #$07
0186 69 30      HEX1    ADC #$30
0188 A0 07      OUTCHT  LDY #$07
018A 84 F2              STY COUNT
018C A0 02      TRY     LDY #$02
018E 84 F3              STY TRIB
0190 BE BE 01   ZON     LDX NPUL,Y
0193 48                 PHA 
			
120

			0194 2C 47 17   ZON1    BIT CLKRDI
0197 10 FB              BPL ZON1
0199 B9 BF 01           LDA TIMG,Y
019C 8D 44 17           STA CLKIT
019F A5 F5              LDA GANG
01A1 49 80              EOR #$80
01A3 8D 42 17           STA SBD
01A6 85 F5              STA GANG
01A8 CA                 DEX
01A9 D0 E9              BNE ZON1
01AB 68                 PLA
01AC C6 F3              DEC TRIB
01AE F0 05              BEQ SETZ
01B0 30 07              BMI ROUT
01B2 4A                 LSR A
01B3 90 DB              BCC ZON
01B5 A0 00      SETZ    LDY #0
01B7 F0 D7              BEQ ZON
01B9 C6 F2      ROUT    DEC COUNT
01BB 10 CF              BPL TRY
01BD 60                 RTS
;frequency/density controls
01BE 02         NPUL    .BYTE $02
01BF C3 03 7E   TIMG    .BYTE $C3, $03, $7E


***** Hex Dump - Hypertape *****


0100-  A9 AD 8D EC 17 20 32 19 A9 27 85 F5 A9 BF 8D 43
0110-  17 A2 64 A9 16 20 61 01 A9 2A 20 88 01 AD F9 17
0120-  20 70 01 AD F5 17 20 6D 01 AD F6 17 20 6D 01 20
0130-  EC 17 20 6D 01 20 EA 19 AD ED 17 CD F7 17 AD EE
0140-  17 ED F8 17 90 E9 A9 2F 20 88 01 AD E7 17 20 70
0150-  01 AD E8 17 20 70 01 A2 02 A9 04 20 61 01 4C 5C
0160-  18 86 F1 48 20 88 01 68 C6 F1 D0 F7 60 20 4C 19
0170-  48 4A 4A 4A 4A 20 7D 01 68 20 7D 01 60 29 0F C9
0180-  0A 18 30 02 69 07 69 30 A0 07 84 F2 A0 02 84 F3
0190-  BE BE 01 48 2C 47 17 10 FB B9 BF 01 8D 44 17 A5
01A0-  F5 49 80 8D 42 17 85 F5 CA D0 E9 68 C6 F3 F0 05
01B0-  30 07 4A 90 DB A0 00 F0 D7 C6 F2 10 CF 60 02 C3
01C0-  03 7E


Thanks go to Julien Dubé for his help in staging early 
versions oh HYPERTAPE. 
			
121

			
Jim Butterfield
			MEMORY TEST

			Testing RAM isn't just a question of storing a value and
then checking it.  It'S a important to test for interference
between locations.  Such tests often involve writing to one
location and then checking all other locations to see they
haven't been disturbed; this can be time consuming.

This program checks memory thoroughly and runs exceptionally
fast.  It is adapted from an algorithm by Knaizuk and Hartmann
published in 'IFEE. Transactions on Computers', April 1977.

The program first puts value FF in every location under test.
Then it puts 00 in every third location, after which it tests
all locations for correctness.  The test is repeated twice more
with the positions of the 00's changed each time.  Finally,
the whole thing is repeated with the FF and 00 values 
interchanged. To run:  Set the addresses of the first and last memory pages
you wish to test into locations 0000 and 0001 respectively.
Start the program at address 0002; it will halt with a memory
address on the display.  If no faults were round, the address
will be one location past the last address tested.  If a fau1t
is found, its address will be displayed.

Example:  To test 0100 to 02FF (pages 0l and 02) in KIM:
Set 0000 to 01, 0001 to 02, start program at 0002.  If memory
is good, see 0300 (=02FF + 1).  Now if you try testing
0100 to 2000 (0000=0l,000l=20) the program will halt at
the first bad location - this will be 0400 if you haven't
added memory.

0000 xx       BEGIN  xx       starting page for test
0001 xx       END    xx       ending page for test
0002 A9 00    START  LDA #0       zero pointers
0004 A8              TAY          for low-order
0005 85 FA           STA P0INTL   addresses;
0007 85 70    BIGLP  STA FLAG      =00 first pass, =FF second pass
0009 A2 02           LDX #2
000B 86 72           STX MOD     set 3 tests each pass
000D A5 00    PASS   LDA BEGIN   set pointer to..
000F 85 FB           STA POINTH  ..start of test area
0011 A6 01           LDX END
0013 A5 70           LDA FLAG
0015 49 FF           EOR #$FF    reverse FLAG
0017 85 71           STA FLIP    ..FF first pass. =00 second pass
0019 91 FA    CLEAR  STA (POINTL).Y   write above FLIP value..
001B C8              INY              ..into all locations
001C D0 FB           BNE CLEAR
001E E6 FB           INC POINTH
0020 E4 FB           CPX POINTH
0022 B0 F5           BCS CLEAR 
			
122

			; FLIP value in an locatiom - now change 1 in 3
0024 A6 72           LDX MOD
0026 A5 00           LDA BEGIN   set pointer..
0028 85 FB           STA POINTH   ..back to start
002A A5 70    FILL   LDA FLAG    change value
002C CA       TOP    DEX
002D 10 04           BPL SKIP    skip 2 out of 3
002F A2 02           LDX #2      restore 3-counter
0031 91 FA           STA (POINTL),Y  change 1 out of 3
0033 C8       SKIP   INY
0034 D0 F6           BNE TO?
0036 E6 FB           INC POINTH  new page
0038 A5 01           LDA END     have we passed..
003A C5 FB           CMP POINTH  ..end of test area?
003C B0 EC           BCS FILL    nope, keep going
; memory set up - now test it
003E A5 00           LDA BEGIN   set pointer..
0040 85 FB           STA POINTH  ..back to start
0042 A6 72           LDX MOD     set up 3-counter
0044 A5 71    POP    LDA FLIP    test for FLIP value..
0046 CA              DEX         ..2 out of 3 times..
0047 10 04           BPL SLIP         - or -
0049 A2 02           LDX #2        1 out of 3..
004B A5 70           LDA FLAG    test for FLAG value;
004D D1 FA    SLIP   CMP (POINTL).Y   here's the test...
004F D0 15           BNE OUT         branch if failed
0051 C8              INY
0052 D0 F0           BNE POP
0054 E6 FB           INC POINTH
0056 A5 01           LDA END
0058 C5 FB           CMP POINTH
005A B0 E8           BCS POP
; above test OK - change & repeat
005C C6 72           DEC MOD     change 1/3 position
005E 10 AD           BPL PASS      .. & do next third
0060 A5 70           LDA FLAG    invert..
0062 49 FF           EOR #$FF      ..flag for pass two
0064 30 A1           BMI BIGLP
0066 84 FA    OUT    STY P0INTL  put low order adds to display
0068 4C 4F 1C        JMP START      ...and exit to KIM
006B

***** Hex Dump - Memory Test *****



0000 00 00 A9 00 A8 85 FA 85 70 A2 02 86 72 A5 00 85
0010 FB A6 01 A5 70 49 FF 85 71 91 FA C8 D0 FB E6 FB
0020 E4 FB B0 F5 A6 72 A5 00 85 FB A5 70 CA 10 04 A2
0030 02 91 FA C8 D0 F6 E6 FB A5 01 C5 FB B0 EC A5 00
0040 85 FB A6 72 A5 71 CA 10 04 A2 02 A5 70 Dl FA D0
0050 15 C8 D0 F0 E6 FB A5 01 C5 FB B0 E8 C6 72 10 AD
0060 A5 70 49 FF 30 Al 84 FA 4C 4F 1C 
			
123

			
By Dan Lewart
			MINI DIS

			One day I was single-stepping through a program and not
being too alert, I kept going after the program ended.
Then I noticed I was going through instructions not in any
OP-code table. What was being executed? With a little
luck I found that many nonexistent codes would duplicate
others with only one bit changed. I haven't looked into
it very deeply, but here are two examples: 17 is the same
as 16 (ASL-Z, PAGE) and FF is the same as FE (INC ABS,X).

By single-stepping I could determine the number of bytes
in all instructions. This worked for all instructions except
for 02,12,22,32,42,52,62,72,92,B2,D2 and F2, which
blank the display. After filling in the Bytes per Instruction
table many patterns became obvious. For example, the
op-code ending with digits 8 and A could be summarized as
having a bit pattern of xxxxl0x0, where "x" means don't
care. This covers all possibilities and when a number of
this form is ANDed with 00001101 (mask all the x bits) the
result will be 00001000. By doing this for all 0 (illegal),
1 and 3 byte instructions and having the 2 byte instructions
"whatever's left over" I had the basis of my semi-disassembler.
The only odd byte length is that of 20 (JSR) which "should"
be only 1 byte long.

Though this is not a full disassembler, it has helped me to
write several nrograms, including itself. To relocate the
program change locations 374-6, 379-B and 38E-390 to jump
to the appropriate locations. If you have a program in page
1 or don't want to write on the stack, change 397 and 39A
to EA (NOP).

To run the program, store 00 in 17FA and 03 in 17FB. Go
to the beginning of your program and press "ST". You will
then see the first instruction displayed. If it is illegal, the
location and opcode will flash on and off. In that case, press
"RS". To display the next instruction press "+". To display
the current address and opcode press "PC", at any time. To
backstep press "B". When you have backstepped to the
beginning of your program, or changed locations 397 and 39A,
pressing "B" acts like "PC".

0300  D8      START      SED
0301  A2 FF              LDX #$FF     INITIALIZE STACK
0303  9A                 TXS          POINTER
0304  A0 00   INIT       LDY #$00     (E6-EE)=0
0306  A2 09              LDX #$09
0308  94 E5   INIT1      STY 0055,X
030A  CA                 DEX
030B  D0 FB              BNE INITl
030D  E8                 INX           X=1 
			
124

			030E  B1 FA    LENGTH   LDA (POINTL),Y GET OPCODE, FrND LENGTH
0310  C9 20             CMP#$20        ANALYZE BIT PATTERNS
0312  F0 3B             SEQ 3BYTE      %00100000 ; 3 BYTES
0314  29 9F             AND #$9F       "X" MEANS DON'T CARE
0316  F0 35             SEQ 1BYTE      %OXXOOOOO ; 1 BYTE (20)
0318  C9 92             CMP #$92
031A  F0 lA             SEQ FLASH      %1XX10010 ; ILLEGAL (B2,D2)
031C  A8                TAY            STORE ThMPORARJLY
031D  29 1D             AND #$1D
031F  C9 19             CMP #$19
0321  F0 2C             BEQ 3BYTE      %xxx110x1 ; 3 BYTES (59,B9)
0323  29 0D             AND 34 0D
0325  C9 08             CMP #$08
0327  F0 24             SEQ 1BYTE      %xxx~oxo ; 1 BYTE (D8,4A)
0329  29 0C             AND #$0C
032B  C9 0C             CMP #$0C
032D  F0 20             SEQ 3BYTE      %xxxx11xx  ; 3 BYTES (4C,EE)
032F  98                TYA            RESTORE
0330  29 8F             AND #$8F
0332  C9 02             CMP #$02       %OXXXOO1O ; ILLEGAL (22,52)
0334  D0 18             SNE 2BYTE      ALL LEFTOVERS ; 2 BYTES
0336  E6 EC    FLASH    INC 00EC       FLIP BIT 0
0338  A9 FF             LDA #$FF       LOOP FOR 1/4 SEC.
033A  8D 07 17          STA 1707
033D  A5 EC    FLASH1   LDA OOEC       SLINK ON OR OFF
033F  29 31             AND #$01
0341  F0 03             SEQ FLASH2     SIT 0-0 ; BLINK OFF
0343  20 19 1F          JSR SCAND      BIT On  ; BLINK ON
0346  2C 07 17 FLASH2   BIT 1707
0349  30 EB             SMI FLASH
034B  10 F0             SPL FLASH1
034D  E8         lBYTE   INX
034E  E8         2BYTE   INX
034F  8A         3BYTE   TXA      CENTER CODE
0350  49 07              EOR #$07
0352  85 ED              STA 00ED
0354  A4 EE      CONVRT  LDY 4SEE   LOOP FOR EACH BYTE
0356  Bl FA             LDA (POINTL),Y CONVERT AND STORE
0358  48                 PHA        IN ES - FE
0359  4A 4A              LSR's
035B  4A 4A              LSR's
035D  A8                 TAY
035E  B9 E7 1F           LDA TABLE,?
0361  95 E5              STA 00E5,X
0363  E8                 INX
0365  29 0F              AND #$0F
0367  A8                 TAY
0368  B9 E7 1F           LDA TABLE,Y
036B  95 E5              STA 00E5,x
036D  E8                 INX
036E  E6 EE              INC DOBE
0370  E4 ED              CPX 00EE
0372  90 E0              BCC CONVRT
0374  20 AF 03   K DOWN  JSR DISP   DISPLAY UNTIL ALL KEYS
0377  D0 FB              BNE K DOWN  ARE UP
0379  20 AF 03   K UP    JSR DISP   DISPLAY AND GETKEY 
			
125

			037C  20 6A 1F            JSR GETKEY
037F  C9 0B       B?      CMP #$0B        IS "B" PRESSED?
0381  D0 0E               BNE PLUS?       NO, BRANCH
0383  BA          BCKSTP  TSX
0384  E0 FF               CPX #FF         IS STACK EMPTY?
0386  F0 20               BEQ WINDOW      YES, ACT LIKE "PC"
0388  68                  PLA PULL        FB AND FA
0389  85 FB               STA 00FB        DISPLAY WORD
038B  68                  PLA
038C  85 FA               STA 00FA
038E  4C 04 03    NEWORD  JMP INIT
0391  C9 12     PLUS?    CMP #$12        IS "+" PRESSED?
0593  D0 0F              BNE PC?         NO, BRANCH
0395  A5 FA     STEP     LDA 00FA        PUSH FA AND FB
0397  48                 PHA
0398  A5 FB              LDA 00FB
039A  48                 PHA
039B  20 63 1F  STEP 1   JSR INCPT       FIND NEW LOCATION
039E  C6 EE              DEC 00EE        DISPLAY WORD
03A0  F0 EC              BEQ NEWORD
03A2  D0 F7              BNE STEP 1
03A4  C9 14     PC?      CMP #$14        IS "PC" PRESSED?
03A6  D0 D1              BNE K UP        NO, GET KEY
05A8  20 19 1F  WINDOW   JSR SCAND       DISPLAY LOCATION
03AB  F0 CC              BEQ K UP        UNTIL KEY RELEASED
03AD  D0 F9              BNE WINDOW      THEN GET KEY
03AF  A9 7F     DISP     LDA #$7F        SEGMENTS TO OUTPUT
03B1  8D 41 17           STA PADD
03B4  A2 08              LDX #$08        INITIALIZE
03B6  A0 00              LDY #$00
03B8  84 FC     DISP 1   STY 00FC
03BA  B9 E6 00           LDA 00E6,Y      GET CHARACTER
03BD  20 4E 1F           JSR 1F4E        DISPLAY CHARACTER
03C0  C8                 INY           NEXT CHARACTER
03C1  C0 06              CPY #$06
03C3  90 F3              BCC DISP1
03C5  4C 3D 1F           JMP 1F3D        DONE, KEY DOWN?

***** HEX DUMP - MINI DIS *****


0300 D8 A2 FF 9A A0 00 A2 09 94 E5 CA D0 FB E8 B1 FA
0310 C9 20 F0 3B 29 9F F0 35 C9 92 F0 1A A8 29 1D C9
0320 19 F0 2C 29 0D C9 08 F0 24 29 0C C9 0C F0 20 98
0330 29 8F C9 02 D0 18 E6 EC A9 FF 8D 07 17 A5 EC 29
0340 01 F0 03 20 19 1F 2C 07 17 30 EB 10 F0 E8 E8 8A
0350 49 07 85 ED A4 EE B1 FA 48 4A 4A 4A 4A A8 B9 E7
0360 1F 95 E5 E8 68 29 0F A8 B9 E7 1F 95 E5 E8 E6 EE
0370 E4 ED 90 E0 20 AF 03 D0 FB 20 AF 03 20 6A 1F C9
0380 0B D0 0E BA E0 FF F0 20 68 85 FB 68 85 FA 4C 04
0390 03 C9 12 D0 0F A5 FA 48 A5 FB 48 20 63 1F C6 EE
03A0 F0 EC D0 F7 C9 14 D0 D1 20 19 1F F0 CC D0 F9 A9
03B0 7F 8D 41 17 A2 08 A0 00 84 FC B9 E6 00 20 4E 1F
03C0 C8 C0 06 90 F5 4C 3D 1F 
			
126

			
By Lew Edwards
			MOVIT

			ANOTHER move program?  This one moves anything anywhere!
No limit to number of bytes, or locations in memory, or
overlapping of source and destination. Use it to lift sections
of code from other programs, close in or open up gaps for
altering programs, moving programs to another location (use
Butterfield's RELOCATE to take care of the branch and address
correction). Locate it wherever you have the room.

Use is straight forward. Old start address goes in D0,1 ;
old end address in D2,3; new start address in D4,D5 before
running the program which starts at 1780, or wherever you
want to have it in your system. Program uses zero page
locations D0 thru P9 to do the job.

1780  D8        START     CLD
1781  A0 FF               LDY #$FF       STORE TEST VALUE
1783  58                  SEC
1784  A5 D2               LDA OEAL       HOW MANY BYTES?
1786  E5 D0               SBC OSAL       TO MOVE?
1788  85 D8               STA BCL
178A  A5 D5               LDA OEAH
178C  E5 D1               SBC OSAH
178E  85 D9               STA BCH
1790  18                  CLC
1791  A5 D8               LDA BCL        ADD THE COUNT TO
1793  65 D4               ADC NSAL       THE NEW START TO
1795  85 D6               STA NEAL       GET A NEW END
1797  A5 D9               LDA BCH
1799  65 D5               ADC NSAH
179B  85 D7               STA NEAH
179D  E6 D8               INC BCL        ADJUST THE BYTE COUNT
179F  E6 D9               INC BCH        TO PERMIT ZERO TESTING
17A1  38                  SEC
17A2  A5 D4               LDA NSAL       IF NEW LOCATION
17A4  E5 D0               SBC OSAL       HIGHER THAN OLD
17A6  A5 D5               LDA NSAH       CARRY FLAG IS SET
17A8  E5 D1               SBC OSAH
17AA  A2 00     LOOP      LDX #$00       HIGH POINTER INDEX
17AC  90 02               BCC MOVE
17AE  A2 02               LDX #$02       LOW POINTER INDEX
17B0  A1 D0     MOVE      LDA OSAL,X     MOVE OLD
17B2  81 D4               STA NSAL,X     TO NEW
17B4  90 14               BCC DOWN
17B6  C6 D2               DEC OEAL       ADJUST UP POINTER, (OLD)
17B8  98                  TYA            BELOW ZERO?
17B9  45 D2               FOR OEAL
17BB  D0 02               BNE NO         NO, ENOUGH 
			
127

			17BD  C6 D5               DEC 0EAH       YES, ADJUST THE HIGH BYTE
17BF  C6 D6    NOT        DEC NEAL       ADJUST THE OTHER ONE (NEW)
17C1  98                  TYA
17C2  45 D6               EOR NEAL       NEED HIGH BYTE ADJUSTED?
17C4  D0 02               BNE NEIN       NO
17C6  C6 D7               DECH NEAH      YES, DO IT
17C8  B0 0C    NEIN       BCS COUNT
17CA  E6 D0    DOWN       INC OSAL       ADJUST "OLD" DOWN POINTER
17CC  D0 02               BNE NYET
17CE  E6 D1               INC OSAH       AND THE HIGH BYTE IF NEEDED
17D0  E6 D4    NYET       INC NSAL       AND THE "NEW" ONE
17D2  D0 02               BNE COUNT
17D4  E6 D5               INC NSAH
17D6  C6 D8    COUNT      DEC BCL        TICK OFF THE BYTES,
17D8  D0 02               BNE ONE        ENOUGH FINGERS?
17DA  C6 D9               DEC BCH        USE THE OTHER HAND
17DC  D0 CC    ONE        BNE LOOP       'TIL THEYT RE ALL DONE
17DE  00       DONE       BRK            & BACK TO MONITOR

P.S. Don't forget to set the IRQ vector for the break
(KIM - 1C 00 at 17FE,FF)

***** Hex Dump " Movit *****

1780 D8 A0 FF 58 A5 D2 E5 D0 85 D8 A5 D5 E5 D1 85 D9
1790 18 A5 D8 65 D4 85 D6 A5 D9 65 D5 85 D7 E6 D8 E6
17A0 D9 58 A5 D4 E5 D0 A5 D5 E5 D1 A2 00 90 02 A2 02
17B0 A1 D0 81 D4 90 14 C6 D2 98 45 D2 D0 02 C6 D5 C6
17C0 D6 98 45 D6 D0 02 C6 D7 B0 0C E6 D0 D0 02 E6 D1
17D0 E6 D4 D0 02 E6 D5 C6 D8 D0 02 C6 D9 D0 CC 00
17E0 00 FF F

Addition: The last address filled can be displayed after the
program is complete by adding the following code:
(1) 85 FA between instructions now at 1795 and 1797
(2) 85 FB between instructions now at 179B and 179D
(3) replace the break at the end with 4C 4F 1C
Use Movit to move itself to another location and then again
to open up the necessary spaces! 
			
128

			
Lewis Edwards, Jr.
			PLL SET

			Having trouble loading from tape, especially on "SUPERTAPE"?  Suspect
the PLL adjustment might be off, but were afraid to adjust it, or didn't
have a meter or scope handy?  Use this program and KIM's built in hardware
to make the adjustment.  Hold the tip of the plug you plug into the tape
recorder's earphone jack to applications pin #14 and adjust the control
for 0's or combinations of 7'S and L's on the display.  "L" means the PLL
TEST line is low and "7" means it's high.  The program generates a signal
that alternates slightly below and slightly above theone generated by KIM
at 1A6B.  The regular tape input channel is utilized and decoded to con-
trol the display.

1780  A9  07         BEGN     LDA #07       Set the input
1782  8D  42  17              STA SBD
1785  A9  01                  LDA #01       and output ports
1787  8D  01  17              STA PA0
178A  85  E1                  STA E1        Initialize the toggle
178C  A9  7F                  LDA #7F
178E  8D  41  17              STA PADD      Open display channels
1791  A2  09         MORE     LDX #09       Start with the first
1793  A0  07                  LDY #07       digit   Light top & right
1795  2C  42  17              BIT SBD       if PLL output
1798  50  02                  BMI SEGS      is high
179A  A0  58                  LDY #58       otherwise left & bottom
179C  8C  40  17     SEGS     STY SAD       Turn on the segments
179F  8E  42  17              STX SBD       and the digit
17A2  2C  47  17     DELA     BIT CLKRDI    Half cycle done?
17A5  10  FB                  BPL DELA      No, wait for time up
17A7  E6  E2                  INC E2        Count the cycles
17A9  50  04                  BMI LOTO      128 ^ cycles, send low tone
17AB  A9  91         HITO     LDA #91       128 Vz cycles, send hi tone
17AD  D0  05                  BNE CLK1
17AF  A9  95         LOTO     LDA #95
17B1  EA                      NOP           Equalize the branches
17B2  8D  44  17     CLK1     STA CLK1T     Set the clock
17B5  A9  01                  LDA #01
17B7  45  E1                  BOR E1        Flip the toggle register
17B9  85  E1                  STA E1
17BB  8D  00  17              STA PA0       Toggle the output port
17BE  E8                      INX
17BF  E8                      INX           Next display digit
17C0  E0  15                  CPX #15       Last one?
17C2  D0  CF                  BNE NEXT      No, do next
17C4  F0  CB                  BEQ MORE      Yes, do more


1780 A9 07 8D 42 17 A9 01 8D 01 17 85 E1 A9 7F 8D 41
1790 17 A2 09 A0 07 2C 42 17 30 02 A0 58 8C 40 17 8E
17A0 42 17 2C 47 17 10 FB E6 E2 50 04 A9 91 D0 05 A9
17B0 95 EA 8D 44 17 A9 01 45 E1 85 E1 8D 00 17 E8 E8
17C0 E0 15 D0 CF F0 CB 
			
129

			
Jim Butterfield
			RELOCATE

			Ever long for an assembler?  Remember when you wrote that 300 byte
program - and discovered that you'd forgotten one vital instruction in the
middle?  And to make room, you'd have to change all those branches, all
those address...  Or the program with that neat piece of coding in it, that
you suddenly need to remove (say, to change it to a subroutine)...but if
you do, you'll have to fill all that empty space with NOPs?  It's enough
to make a grown programmer cry...

Dry those tears.  Program RELOCATE will fix up all those addresses
and branches for you, whether you're opening out a program to fit in an
extra instruction, closing up space you don't need, or just moving the whole
thing someplace else.

RELOCATE doesn't move the data.  It just fixes up the addresses before
you make the move.  It won't touch zero page addresses; you'll want them
to stay the same.  And be careful: it won't warn you if a branch instruc-
tion goes out of range.

You'll have to give RELOCATE a lot of information about your program:

(1)  Where your program starts.  This is the first instruction in
your whole program (including the part that doesn't move).
RELOCATE has to look through your whole program, instruction
by instruction, correcting addresses and branches where neces-
sary.  Be sure your program is a continuous series of instruc-
tions (don't mix data in; RELOCATE will take a data value of
10 as a BEL instruction and try to correct the branch address),
and place a dud instruction (FF) behind your last program in-
struction.  This tells RELOCATE where to stop.

Place the program start address in locations EA and EB, low
order first as usual.  Don't forget the FF behind the last
instruction; it doesn't matter if you temporarily wipe out a
byte of data - you can always put it back later.

(2)  Where relocation starts, this is the first address in your
program that you want to move.  If you're moving the whole
program, it will be the same as the program start address,
above.  This address is called the boundary.

Place the boundary address in locations EC and ED, low order
first.

(3)  How far you will want to relocate information above the bound-
ary.  This value is called the increment. For example, if you
want to open up three more locations in your program, the in-
crement will be 0003.  If you want to close up four addresses,
the increment will be FFFC (effectively, a negative number).

Place the increment value in locations E8 and E9, low order
first. 
			
130

			(4)  A page limit, above which relocation should be disabled.  For
example, if you're working on a program in the 0200 to 03FF
range, your program might also address a timer or I/O regist-
ers, and might call subroutines in the monitor.  You don't
want these addresses relocated, even though they are above the
boundary!  So your page limit would be 17, since these addresses
are all over l700.

On the other hand, if you have memory expansion and your program
is at address 2000 and up, your page limit will need to be much
higher.  You'd normally set the page limit to FF, the highest
page in memory.

Place the page limit in location E7.

Now you're ready to go.  Set RELOCATE's start address, hit go - and
ZAP!-your addresses are fixed up.

After the run, it's a good idea to check the address now in 00EA and
00EB - it should point at the FF at the end of your program, confirming
that the run went OK.

Now you can move the program.  If you have lots of memory to spare,
you can write a general MOVE program and link it in to RELOCATE, so as to
do the whole job in one shot.

But if, like me, you're memory-deprived, you'll likely want to run
RELOCATE first, and then load in a little dustom-written program to do
the actual moving. The program will vary depending on which way you want
to move, how far, and how much memory is to be moved.  In a pinch, you can
use the FF option of the cassette input program to move your program.

Last note: the program terminates with a BRK instruction.  Be sure
your interrupt vector (at l7FE and 17FF) is set to KIM address 1C00 so
that you get a valid "halt".

RELOCATE          Jim Butterfield

; following addresses must be initialized
; by user prior to run
00E7              PAGLIM *=*+!      limit above which kill relocn
00E0              ADJST  *=*+2      adjustment distance (signed)
00EA              POINT  *=*+2      start of program
00EC              BOUND  *=*+2      lower boundary for adjustment
; main program starts here
0110 D8           START  CLD
0111 A0 00               LDY #0
0113 B1 EA               LDA (POINT),Y      get op code
0115 A8                  TAY                +cache in Y
0116 A2 07               LDX #7
0118 98           LOOP   TYA                restore op code
0119 3D 8E 01            AND TAB1-1,X       remove unwanted bits
011C 5D 95 01            EOR TAB2-1,X       & test the rest
011F F0 03               BEQ FOUND 
			
131

			0121 CA                  DEX                on to the next test
0122 D0 F4               BNE LOOP           ...if any
0124 BC 9D 01     FOUND  LDY TAB3,X         length or flag
012? 30 0D               BMI TRIP           triple length?
0129 F0 22               BEQ BRAN           branch?
012B E6 EA        SKIP   INC POINT          mving right along..
012D D0 02               BNE INEX           ..to next op code
012F E6 EB               INC POINT+1
0131 88           INEX   DEY
0132 D0 F7               BNE SKIP
0134 F0 DA               BEQ START
; length 3 or illegal
0136 C8 TRIP             INY
0137 30 D9               BMI START+2        illegal/end to BRK halt
0139 C8                  INY                set Y to 1
013A B1 EA               LDA (POINT),Y      lo-order operand
013C AA                  TAX                ...into X reg
013D C8                  INY                Y=2
013E B1 EA               LDA (POINT),Y      hi-order operand
0140 20 79 01            JSR ADJUST         change address, maybe
0143 91 EA               STA (POINT),Y      ...and put it back
0145 88                  DEY                Y=1
0146 8A                  TXA
0147 91 EA               STA (POINT),Y      ...also hi-order
0149 A0 03               LDY #3 Y=3
014B 10 DE               BPL SKIP
; branch: check "to" and "from" address
14D C8            BRAN   INY                Y=1
014E A6 EA               LDX POINT          "from" addrs lo-order
0150 A5 EB               LDA POINT+1        ...& hi-order
0152 20 79 01            JSR ADJUST         change, maybe
0155 86 E0               STX ALOC           save lo-order only
0157 A2 FF               LDX #$FF           flag for "back" branches
0159 B1 EA               LDA (POINT),Y      get relative branch
015B 18                  CLC
015C 69 02               ADC #2             adjust the offset
015E 30 01               BMI OVER           backwards branch?
0160 E8                  INX                nope
0161 86 E3        OVER   STX LIMIT
0163 18                  CLC
0164 65 EA               ADC POINT          calculate "to" lo-order
0166 AA                  TAX                ...and put in X
0167 A5 E3               LDA LIMIT          00 or FF
0169 65 EB               ADC POINT+1        "to" hi-order
016B 20 79 01            JSR ADJUST         change, maybe
016E CA                  DEX                readjust the offset
016F CA                  DEX
0170 8A                  TXA
0171 38                  SEC
0172 E5 E0               SBC ALOC           recalculate relative branch
0174 91 EA               STA (POINT),Y      and re-insert
0176 C8                  INY                Y=2
0177 10 B2               BPL SKIP 
			
132

			; examine address and adjust, maybe
0179 C5 E7        ADJUST CMP PAGLIM
017B B0 11               BCS OUT            too high?
01?D C5 ED               CMP BOUND+1
01?F D0 02               BNE TES2           hi-order?
0181 E4 EC               CPX BOUND          lo-order?
0183 90 09        TES2   BCC OUT            too low?
0185 48                  PHA                stack hi-order
0186 8A                  TXA
018? 18                  CLC
0188 65 E8               ADC ADJUST         adjust lo-order
018A AA                  TAX
018B 68                  PLA                unstack hi-order
018C 65 E9               ADC ADJST+1        and adjust
018E 60           OUT    RTS
; tables for op-code indentification
018F 0C IF 0D     TAB1   .BYTE              $0C,S1F,$0D,$8?,$1F,SFF,$03
0192 8? IF FF
0195 05
0196 0C 19 08     TAB2   .BYTE              $0G,$19.»08,$00,S10,$20,$03
0199 00 10 20
019C 03
019D 02 FF FF     TAB5   .BYTE         $ 02,$FF,$FF,S01,$01,$00,SFF,$FE
01A0 01 01 00
01A3 FF FE
;      end


Credit for the concept of RELOCATE goes to Stan Ockers, who insisted
that it was badly needed, and maintained despite my misgivings that it
should be quite straightforward to program. He was right on both counts.




***** Hex Dump - Relocate *****

0110-   D8 A0 00 B1 EA AS A2 07 98 3D 8E 01 5D 95 01 F0
0120-   03 CA D0 F4 BC 9D 01 30 0D F0 22 E6 EA D0 02 E6
0130-   EB 88 D0 F7 F0 DA C8 30 D9 C8 B1 EA AA C8 B1 EA
0140-   20 79 01 91 EA 88 8A 91 EA A0 03 10 DE C8 A6 EA
0150-   A5 EB 20 79 01 86 E0 A2 FF B1 EA 18 69 02 30 01
0160-   E8 86 E3 18 65 EA AA A5 E3 65 EB 20 79 01 CA CA
0170-   8A 38 E5 E0 91 EA C8 10 B2 C5 E7 B0 11 C5 ED D0
0180-   02 E4 EC 90 09 48 8A 18 65 E8 AA 68 65 E9 60 0C
0190-   IF 0D 87 IF FF 03 0C 19 08 00 10 20 03 02 FF FF
01A0-   01 01 00 FF FE 
			
133

			USING PROGRAM RELOCATE - an example.        Jim Butterfield

Program RELOCATE is important, and powerful.  But it takes
a little getting used to.  Let's run through an example.
Follow along on your KIM, if you like.

Suppose we'd like to change program LUNAR LANDER.
When you run out of fuel on the lander, you get no
special indication, except that you start falling
very quickly.  Let's say we want to make this minor
change:  if you run out of fuel, the display flips
over to Fuel mode, so that the pilot will see immediately.

Digging through the program reveals two things:  (i) you
go to fuel mode by storing 00 into MODE (address E1);
and, (ii) the out-of-fuel part of the program is located
at 024C to 0257.  So if we can insert a program to store
zero in mode as part of our out-of-fuel, we should have
accomplished our goal.  Closer inspection reveals that
we can accomplish this by inserting 85 E1 (STA MODE)
right behind the LDA instruction at 024C.

Let's do it.

First, we must store value FF behind the last instruction
of our program.  So put FF into address 02CC.  That wipes
out the value 45, but we'll put it back later.

Now, we put out program start address (0200) into addresses
EA and EB.  Low order first, so 00 goes into address 00EA
and O2 goes into 00EB.

Next, the part that we want to move.  Since we want to
insert a new instruction at address 024E, we must move
the program up at this point to make space.  In goes
the address, low order first:  4E into address 00EC and
02 into address 00ED.

The page limit should be set to 17, since we don't want
the addresses of the KIM subroutines to be changed
(SCANDS, GETKEY, etc.).  So put 17 into address 00E7.

Finally, how far do we want to move the program to make
room?  Two bytes, of course.  Put 02 and 00 into
addresses 00E8 and 00E9 respectively.

We're ready to go.  Be sure your vectors have been set
properly (at addresses 17FA to 17FF).  Then set address
0110, the ~tart address of RELOCATE, and press GO.

The display will stop showing 0114 EA, confirming that
RELOCATE ran properly.  Now check to see the whole program
was properly converted by looking at the addresses 00EA-B.
We put address 0200 there, remember?  Now we'll see
address 0200 stored there - the address of the value FF
we stored to signal end of program.

Go back to 02CC, where we stored FF, and restore the
original value of 45. 
			
134

			Using Program RELOCATE, p.2.

We've completed part I.  The addresses have teen corrected
for the move.  Let's go on to part II and actually move
the program to make room.

My favorite method is to use a tiny program to do the
move itself.  For moving 1 to 256 bytes to a higher address,
I use the program:  A2 nn BD xx xx 9D tt tt CA D0 F7 00.

In the above, nn is the number of bytes to be moved, and
xxxx and tttt are the from and to addresses of the data,
minus one.  Since we want to move about 160 bytes from
a block starting at 024E to a block starting at 0250,
we code like this: A2 AC BD 4D 02 9D 4F 02 CA D0 F7 00.

This little program can be fitted in anywhere.  Let's
put it in memory starting at address 0040.  The final
byte, value 00, should end up in 004B.  Now back to
0040, hit GO ... and your data/program is moved over.
(The tiny program should stop showing address 004D).

There's nothing left to do but actually put the extra
instruction (85 El) into the program at 024E and 024F.

Now run the program.  Try deliberately running out of
fuel and see if the display flips over to fuel mode
automatically when you run out.

If you have followed the above successfully with your
KIM, it all seems very easy.  It's hard to realize that
program RELOCATE has done so much work.  But if you
check, you'll find the following addresses have been
automatically changed:

0203   024B   0256/8   0263/5   0265/7   02A5/7

Do you think that you'd have caught every one of
those addresses if you'd tried to do the job manually?








			
134

			
			
			
SORT
			
This program will take any given block of data and
arrange it in numerical sequence, whether the data is
hex or BCD, or both. Since the program uses relative
branch addressing, it can be located anywhere in memory
without modification.

The instruction that determines whether data is arranged
in ascending or descending order is O11F, ( B0 -
descending order, 90 - ascending order).

This is a bubble sort. The top item is compared with
succeeding items and if a larger number is found, they
are swapped. The larger item (now at the top) is then
used for comparisons as the process continues through
the list. After one complete pass, the largest number
will have "bubbled": to the top. The whole process is
repeated using the second item to start, then again
starting with the third item. Eventually the whole list
will be sorted in sequence.

17F5       START LO
17F6       START HIGH
17F7       END LO
17F8       END HI    (NOTE: ENDING ADDRESS IS ONE PAST LAST ITEM)

0200 AD F5 17   SORT     LDA,17F5       TRANSFER START POINTER
0203 85 E8               STA 00E8       TO ZERO PAGE
0205 85 EA               STA 00EA
0207 AD F6 17            LDA 17F6
020A 85 E9               STA 00E9
020C 85 EB               STA 00EB
020E AD F7 17            LAD 17F7       TRANSFER END POINTER
0211 85 EC               STA 00EC
0213 AD F8 17            LDA 17F8
0216 85 ED               STA 00ED
0218 A2 00               LDX tt$00       INDEX TO ZERO (STAYS THERE)
021A D8                  CLD
021B A1 E8      GET      LDA C00E8/X)   GET DATA INDIRECT 00E8
021D C1 EA               CMP C00EA/X)   GREATER THAN INDIR. 00EA
021F B0 0C               BCS INCN       NO, INCR. POINTER 00EA
0221 A1 E8      SWAP     LDA C00E8,X)   SWAP DATA IN POINTER
0223 85 E7               STA 00E7       LOCATIONS 
			
136

			0225  A1 EA               LDA (00EA,X)
0227  81 E8               STA (00E8,X)
0229  A5 E7               LDA 00E7
022B  81 EA               STA (00EA,X)
022D  E6 EA     INCN      INC 00EA       SET UP NEXT COMPARISON
022F  D0 02               BNE LASTN      NO PAGE CHANGE
0231  E6 EB               INC 00EB       PAGE CHANGE
0233  A5 EA     LASTN     LDA 00EA       OK FOR LAST ITEM IN PASS
0235  C5 EC               CMP 00EC
0237  D0 E2               BNE GET        NOT YET
0239  A5 ED               LDA 00ED       IS THIS LAST PASS/LOOP?
023B  C5 EB               CMP 00EB
023D  D0 DC               BNE GET        NO
023F  E6 E8               INC 00E8
0241  D0 02               BNE OVER       NO PAGE CHANGE
0243  E6 E9               INC 00E9       PAGE CHANGE
0245  A5 E8     OVER      LDA 00E8       INIT. VALUE FOR NEXT PASS
0247  85 EA               STA 00EA
0249  A5 E9               LDA 00E9
024B  85 EB               STA 00EB
024D  A5 EA               LDA 00EA       LAST ITEM IN LIST?
024F  C5 EC               CMP 00EC
0251  D0 C8               BNE GET        NO, NOT YET
0253  A5 E9               LDA 00E9
0255  85 EB               STA 00EB
0257  C5 ED               CMP 00ED       LAST PAGE?
0259  D0 C0               BNE GET        NO
025B  4C 4F 1C            JMP 1C4F       BACK TO KIM/ DONE


***** Hex Dump - Sort *****


0200 AD F5 17 85 E8 85 EA AD F6 17 85 E9 85 EB AD F7
0210 17 85 EC AD F8 17 85 ED A2 00 D8 A1 E8 C1 EA B0
0220 0C A1 E8 85 E7 A1 EA 81 E8 A5 E7 81 EA E6 EA D0
0230 02 E6 EB A5 EA C5 EC D0 E2 A5 ED C5 EB D0 DC E6
0240 E8 D0 02 E6 E9 A5 E8 85 EA A5 E9 85 EB A5 EA C5
0250 EC D0 C8 A5 E9 85 EB C5 ED D0 C0 4C 4F 1C 
			
137

			
SUPER-DUPE
			
SUPER-DUPE is handy: it lets you duplicate a complete tape
containing many programs in jig time. SUPER-DUPE is
versatile: it will write various tape densities, from
regular to Hypertape . SUPER-DUPE is multi-purpose: if you
don't want to duplicate programs, you can use it for
cataloguing tapes, or for writing Hypertape.

The maximum size program that SUPER-DUPE can copy is
dependent on the amount of memory of the KIM system. The
basic 1K system can copy programs up to 512 bytes long.

For duplicating tape, it's useful to have two tape
recorders: one for reading the old tape, one for writing
the new. They are connected in the usual way, at TAPE IN
and TAPE OUT. Pause controls are handy.

SUPER-DUPE starts at address 0000. Hit GO and start the
input tape. When a program has been read from the input
tape, the display will liight, showing the start address of
the program and its ID. If you don't want to copy this
program, hit 0. Otherwise, stop the input tape; start the
output tape (on RECORD) ; then hit 1 for Hypertape , 6 for
regular tape, or any intermediate number. The output tape
will be written; upon completion, the disp]ay will light
showing 0000 A2. Stop the output tape. Now bit GO to copy
the next program.

SUPER-DUPE contains a Hypertape writing program which can
be used independently; this starts at address 0100.

Basically, SUPER-DUPE saves you the work of setting up the
SA, EA, and ID for each program, and the trouble of
arranging the Hypertape writer into a part of memory
suitable for each program.

0000 A2 03       START LDX #3
0002 B5 E2       LOOP  LDA POINT2.X
0004 95 E0             STA POINT,X
0006 CA                DEX
0007 10 F9             BPL LOOP
0009 A9 00             LDA #0
000B 85 F6             STA CHKSUM
000D 85 F7             STA CHKHI
000F D8                CLD
0010 A9 07             LDA #7
0012 8D 42 17          STA SBD
0035 20 41 1A    SYN   JSR RDBIT
0018 46 F9             LSR INH
001A 05 F9             ORA INH 
			
138

			001C 85 F9             STA INH
003E C9 16             TST CMP #$16 sync?
0020 D0 F3             BNE SYN
0022 20 24 1A          JSR RDCHT
0025 C6 F9             DEC INH
0027 10 F5             BPL TST
0029 C9 2A             CMP #$2A
002B D0 F1             BNE TST
002D 20 F3 19          JSR RDBYT
0030 85 F9             STA INH
0032 A2 FE             LDX #$FE neg 2
0034 20 F3 19    ADDR  JSR RDBYT
0037 95 FC             STA POINTH+1,X
0039 20 91 1F          JSR CHK
003C E8                INX
003D 30 F5             BMI ADDR
003F A2 02       BYTE  LDX #2
0041 20 24 1A    DUBL  JSR RDCHT
0044 C9 2F             CMP #$2F eot?
0046 F0 15             BEQ WIND
0048 20 00 1A          JSR PACKT
004B D0 1C             BNE ELNK error?
004D CA                DEX
004E D0 F1             BNE DUBL
0050 81 E0             STA (POINT,X)
0052 20 91 1F          JSR CHK
0055 E6 E0             INC POINT
0057 D0 02             BNE OVER
0059 E6 E1             INC POINT+1
005B D0 E2       OVER  BNE BYTE
005D 20 F3 19    WIND  JSR RDBYT
0060 C5 F7             CMP CHKHI
0062 D0 05             BNE ELNK error?
0064 20 F3 19          JSR RDBYT
0067 C5 F6             CMP CHKSUM
0069 D0 95       ELNK  BNE START    (or 65?)
006B 20 1F 1F    FLSH  JSR SCANDS
006E F0 FB             BEQ FLSH display SA,ID
0070 20 6A 1F          JSR GETKEY
0073 85 F5             STA GANG
0075 0A                ASL A
0076 F0 88             BEQ START
0078 8D BE 01          STA NPUL
007B 65 F5             ADC GANG
007D 8D C0 01          STA TIMG+1
0080 A9 27             LDA #$27 register mask
0082 85 F5             STA GANG
0084 A9 BF             LDA #$BF
0086 8D 43 17          STA PBDD
0089 A2 64             LDX #$64
008B A9 16             LDA #$16 sync 
			
139

			008D 20 61 01          JSR HIC
0090 A9 2A             LDA #$2A
0092 20 88 01          JSR OUTCHT
0095 A5 F9             LDA INH
0097 20 70 01          JSR OUTBT
009A A5 FA             LDA POINTL
009C 20 70 01          JSR OUTBT
009F A5 FB             LDA POINTH
00A1 20 70 01          JSR OUTBT
00A4 A0 00       DATA  LDY #0
00A6 Bl E2             LDA (POINT2),Y
00A8 20 70 01          JSR OUTBT
00AB E6 E2             INC POINT2
00AD D0 02             BNE SAMP
00AF E6 E3             INC POINT2-1
00B1 A5 E2       SAMP  LDA POINT2
00B3 C5 E0             CMP POINT
00B5 A5 E3             LDA POINT2+1
00B7 E5 E1             SBC POINT+1
00B9 90 E9             BCC DATA
00BB A9 2F             LDA #$2F eot
00BD 20 88 01          JSR OUTCHT
00C0 A5 F7             LDA CHKHI
00C2 20 70 01          JSR OUTBT
00C5 A5 F6             LDA CHKSUM
00C7 4C 54 01          JMP EXIT

00D0 4C 29 19          JMP LOADT9

00E2 00 02 00 02

****** Hex Dump Super - Dupe ******

0000-   A2 03 B5 E2 95 E0 CA 10 F9 A9 00 85 F6 85 F7 D8
0010-   A9 07 8D 42 17 20 41 1A 46 F9 05 F9 85 F9 C9 16
0020-   D0 F3 20 24 1A C6 F9 10 F5 C9 2A D0 F1 20 F3 19
0030-   85 F9 A2 FE 20 F3 19 95 FC 20 91 IF E8 30 F5 A2
0040-   02 20 24 1A C9 2F F0 15 20 00 1A D0 1C CA D0 F1
0050-   81 E0 20 91 IF E6 E0 D0 02 E6 El D0 E2 20 F3 19
0060-   C5 F7 D0 05 20 F3 19 C5 F6 D0 95 20 IF IF F0 FB
0070-   20 6A IF C9 07 B0 F4 85 F5 0A F0 84 8D BE 01 65
0080-   F5 8D C0 01 A9 27 85 F5 A9 BF 8D 43 17 A2 64 A9
0090-   16 20 61 01 A9 2A 20 88 01 A5 F9 20 70 01 A5 FA
00A0-   20 70 01 A5 FB 20 70 01 A0 00 Bl E2 20 70 01 E6
00B0-   E2 D0 02 E6 E3 A5 E2 C5 E0 A5 E3 E5 E1 90 E9 A9
00C0-   2F 20 88 01 A5 F7 20 70 01 A5 F6 4C 54 01 FF EA
00D0-   4C 29 19
00E0-         00 02 00 02

REMEMBER: You must also include HYPERTAPE! (page 119). 
			
140

			
James Van Ornum
			VERIFY TAPE

			Do you want to verify the cassette tape you just recorded before the
information is lost?  Then follow this simple procedure:

1.  Manually verify that the starting address ($17F3, $17F6), the
ending address ($17F7, $17F8) and the block identification
($l7F9) locations are correct in memory.

2.  Enter zeros ($00) into CHKL ($17E7) and CHKH ($l7E8).

3.  Enter the following routine:

17EC  CD  00  00   VEB     cmp  START
17EF  D0  03               bne    failed
l7F1  4C  0F  19           jmp  LOAD12
l7F4  4C  29  19   failed  jmp  LOADT9

4.  Rewind the tape, enter address $188C, press GO and playback
the tape.  If the tape compares, the LEDs will come back on
with address $0000.  If there is a discrepancy between memory
and the tape, the LEDs will come on with address $FFFF.
			
Jim Butterfield
			VU-TAPE

			Program VUTAPE lets you actually see the contents of a KIM format
tape as it's going by.  It shows the data going by very quickly, because
of the tape speed..but you can at least "sense" the kind of material on
the tape.

In case of tape troubles, this should give you a hint as to the area
of your problem: nothing? noise? dropouts? And you can prepare a test
tape (see below) to check out the tape quality and your recorder.  The
test tape will also help you establish the best settings for your volume
and tone controls.

Perhaps VUTAPE's most useful function, though, is to give you a
"feeling" for how data is stored on tape.  You can actually watch the
processor trying to synchronize into the bit stream.  Once it's synched,
you'll see the characters rolling off the tape...until an END or illegal
character drops you back into the sync mode again.  It's educational to
watch.  And since the program is fairly short, you should be able to trace
out just how the processor tracks the input tape.

VUTAPE starts at location 0000 and is fully relocatable (so you can
load it anyplace it fits). 
			
141

			KIM UTILITY:  VUTAPE

0000  D8              START    CLD
0001  A9  7F                   LDA #$7F
0003  8D  41  17               STA PADD       set display dir reg
0006  A9  15          SYN      LDA #$15       ..window 6 and tape in
0008  85  E0                   STA POINT      and keep pointer
000A  8D  42  17               STA SBD
000D  20  4l  1A               JSR RDBIT      get a bit and
0010  46  F9                   LSR INH        ..slip it into
0012  05  F9                   ORA INH        ..the right-hand
0014  85  F9                   STA INH        ..side:
0016  8D  40  17               STA SAD        show bit flow on display
0019  C9  16          TST      CMP #$l6       ..is it a SYNC?
001B  DO  E9                   BNE SYN        nope, keep 'em rolling
001D  20  24  1A               JSR RDCHT      yup, start grabbing
0020  C9  2A                   CMP #$2A       ..8 bits at a time and..
0022  D0  F5                   BNE TST        ..if ifs not an "*"..
0024  A9  00          STREAM   LDA #$00       ..then start showing
0026  8D  E9  17               STA SAVX       ..characters 1 at a time
0029  20  24  1A               JSR RDCHT
002C  20  00  1A               JSR PACKT      ..converting to hexadec,.
002F  DO  D5                   BNE SYN        ..if legal
0051  A6  E0                   LDX POINT
0055  E8                       INX
0054  E8                       INX            Move along to next..
0055  E0  15                   CPX #$15       ..display position
0057  D0  02                   BNE OVER       (If last digit,..
0059  A2  09                   LDX #$09       ..reset to first)
005B  86  E0          OVER     STX POINT
005D  8E  42  17               STX SBD
0040  AA                       TAX            change character read
0041  BD  E7  IF               LDA TABLE,X    ..to segments and..
0044  8D  40  17               STA SAD        send to the display
0047  D0  DB                   BNE STREAM     unconditional jump

Checking Out Tapes/Recorders

Make a test tape containing an endless stream of SYNC characters
with the following program:

0050   A0  BF       GO     LDY #$BF           directional..
0052   8C  45  17          STY PBOD           ...registers
0055   A9  16       LP     LDA #$l6           SYNC
0057   20  7A  19          JST OUTCH          ...out to tape
005A   D0  F9              BNE LP

Now use the program VUTAPE.  The display should show a steady
synchronization pattern consisting of segments b,c, and e on the right
hand LED,  Try playing with your controls and see over what range the
pattern stays locked in.  The wider the range, the better your cassette/
recorder. 
			
142

			
			
			
143

			EXPANDING YOUR KIM

Games and di versions using the keyboard and display are fine.
Programming in assembly language can even be a lot of fun,
once you get over the first few hurdles. But , sooner or later
you are going to get the urge to have your KIM act like the
"big machines".  What do you have to add on?  How much will
it cost?  How much trouble is it going to be?  Let's look at
a few of the options and you can decide for yourself. Memory Expansion

If you only had more memory, you could do anything, right?
well, not exactly, but let's see what's involved in adding
memory.

Computer buffs abreviate a thousand memory locations, more
or less, with the letter K. Your KIM-1 has a 1K block of RAM
and 2K of ROM. Provision Is also built into the KIM-1 for
easily adding an additional 4K of memory.

4K Expansion

If you want to add only 4K of memory, it's not especially
difficult. An article in Kilobaud #4, (April '77), gives
instructions for adding one of the lower priced 4K RAM kits.
It is primarily a matter of connecting wires between the
exoansion connector on your KIM and the new board. Depending
on the size of your present power supply, an additional supply
may be required for the new board.

Further Expansion

Adding more than 4K of memory is a bit more difficult. Part
of the problem has to do with address decoding. The expansion
connector is essentially an extension of the main arteries of
the computer, the address and data busses. These carry signals
between the CPU and memory. The data bus carries information
to or from a memory location specified by the address bus.


The "Central Processing Unit"' (CPU)  on the KIM has the
potential of addressing 64K however, so you can see that we
have barely begun to scratch the surface. Decoding

The complete address bus isn't available to each memory chip
because thete are just too many lines and not enough pins on
the chips. Instead , there is some extra circuitry which looks 
			
144

			at the entire address bus and determines which block,
(usually 1K blocks), of memory should be allowed to function.
This is called decoding circuitry. Sub-addressing within
blocks is handled by the lower address lines which are
connected to all chips.

Decoding sufficient to select one of four 1K blocks already
exists on the KIM and is brought out to the expansion connector.
If you add more than 4K of memory, additional decoding will
be required. Usually this is built into the memory board.

Buffering If you start adding too many chips to the address and data
busses, the extra circuits begin to "load down" the bus and
cause it to not function pronerly. Additional boards are
sometimes isolated from the main busses with circuits
called "buffers" which prevent this from happening. Some
memory boards have buffers built in. Speed

Another croblem you should be aware of has to do with how fast
the CPU runs and how fast memory chips respond. Some CPU's
have a wait state so that if the memory is a little slow in
responding to entry or retrevial of Information, the CPU can
wait for it. The 6502 processor in KIM doesn't have this
feature. This means that the memory used has to be fast enough
to work with the processor. What Board? We see then that memory expansion can get a little complicated.
Further details are given in sections 
			3.2 and 
			6.1 of the Kim User's Manual . Perhaps the easiest way to get around these
problems is to buy an assembled board made especially for the
KIM. All decoding, buffering etc. should already have been
taken care of in this case.

If you build from a kit, there are many solder connections that
are very close to each other; it's easy to make mistakes. Kit
or assembled board however, you should follow the instructions
of someone who has already done it.


What does it cost?

Here's the good part! Memory prices have been dropping and
are continuing to drop. Recently boards have been coming out
using 4K memory chips which have more bits per chip than the
older 1K RAM. This reduces the cost further, especially on
boards having a lot of memory.

			
145

			Any price quoted would soon be out of date and the price per
byte depends heavily on the size of board you buy. A quick
scan through a recent hobbist publication should give you a
rough idea of what to expect. How Much Do You Need?

It depends primarily on what you want to do. Quite a bit
can be done with just the 1K on the basic KIM-1. Even if you
add a terminal, this 1K should be adequate for small games etc.
written In assembly language. If you want to use a lot of
text or go to a higher level language like Basic, you will have
to expand. Exactly how much you need to expand depends on how
elaborate your software is.

Motherboards

If you want to add more than just one board to the expansion
connector of your KIM, you should start thinking in terms of
a motherboard. A motherboard is a group of sockets connected
in parallel. Buffering is also usually provided so the extra
boards don't load the busses.

If you buy a motherboard specifically for the KIM-1, it will
also have provision for letting KIM know when one of its boards
is being addressed. This is so the decoding present on the
KIM will be disengaged and not conflict with decoding on the
expansion boards.

"Standard" Busses

The largest number of boards made for hobbist use have a 100 pin
configuration that plugs into the so-called "S-100" bus. MOS
Technology also makes a motherboard for KIM with yet another
bus. It should be possible to hook the KIM to motherboards
made for other 8 bit machines too. One group Is getting together
an expansion board for KIM based on the standard 44 pin 
connector.

Once you decide on a particular motherboard, you are pretty
much locked in to buying or building boards whose pins match
those in the sockets of the motherboard. "S-100" Bus

The S-100 bus derives from the AltairR motherboard. Presumably,
any board which works in an Altair then should work In any other
S-100 machine. Unfortunately, that has not always been the case.
The S-100 bus is popular though and already a couple manufacturers
have advertised S-100 motherboards meant to be attached to the
KIM. Because of the competition, S-l00 boards sometimes give
a cost advantage. This is especially true in the case of memory
boards where competition is fierce.


			
NOTE: Altair is a trademark of MITS, Inc.
			
146

			A Caution

No matter what bus you decide on, you are going to need
programs written for KIM to drive certain boards you might
plug in. Unless there is a program for that particular board,
written for KIM, you are in for a lot of work.

The Serial Port

It's not necessary that all expansion take place along the
data and address busses of your KIM. There is another
entrance/exit for information - the serial ports. The serial
I/O, (Input and Output), ports also have the advantage that
most of the required software already exists in the ROM of KIM.
For example, to output a character, it is only necessary to
put that character in the accumulator and jump to the subroutine
OUTCH (1EA0). The character then comes spewing out the serial
output port, bit by bit. ASCII

The code that is used in this process is the "American Standard
Code for Information Interchange", or ASCII for short. The
hardware connection is also standardized and is made of two
20 milliamp current loops. The device to be connected to KIM
should be set up for these standards. Connections are made
as shown starting on page 17 of the Kim User's Manual.

The TeletypeR

The serial ports were obviously set up with a particular
machine in mind, the Teletype. The problem is that a new
Teletype will cost over $1000 and used ones aren't much cheaper.

Baudot Machines

Older model Teletypes and some other makes of teleprinters go
for $25 on up. The difference? These are Baudot machines.
Wbere the modern Teltype uses a 8 bit (8 level) code to
represent ASCII characters, the older machines use a 5 bit
(5 level) code called Baudot. A good place to find out what
is available etc. is a series of three articles appearing in
the April, May and June '77 issues of Byte magazine.

Teleprinters are noisey, smelly and slow. what's more, the
interface of a Baudot machine to your KIM is far from a trivial
problem. why then even bother with the teleprinter? One reason -
it's great to have a hardcopy of your program, a piece of paper
you can sit down and take a pencil to when something goes wrong. Video Terminals

Also easily connected through the serial port are stand alone
video terminals. These units contain a cathode ray T.V. tube, 
			
Teletype is a trademark of Teletype Corp.
			
147

			(CRT), keyboard and all necessary guts to display a large
number of lines of characters on the screen at orce. Common
are 12 or 24 lines of 80 characters each. With 80 characters,
a full 72 character Teletype line can be duplicated, making
the unit indeed a "Class Teletype". Fewer Characters - Lower Price

The price of most video terminals Is still up around $1000 even
in kit form. One way to reduce the cost is to reduce the number
of characters and display the results on an ordinary T.V. set.
16 lines of 32 or 64 characters are common.

This type of unit can be purchased as a video board alone or
along with a keyboard in a nice case. If purchased seperately,
you will also need a serial interface board. Serial/Parallel Conversion

Remember that we had planned to use the serial I/O ports on KIM.
The video board or the keyboard is more than likely hooked up
to input or output in bytes, (parallel input or output). A whole
byte appears on 8 separate pins along with a timing pulse, called
a strobe, on yet another pin. The strobe is used to indicate when
data is valid. We have to convert this type of input or output to
the sequential bit by bit information required by the serial 
port.

Luckily, there are chips designed especially to do this. They
are called UART's and are found on serial interface boards.
One such board was described in issue #1 of Kilobaud. (Jan. '77) 

What to look for

Video boards vary considerably in the features they offer.
The simplist boards begin writing characters In the upper left
of the screen and continue on down the page. When the end of
the last line is reached, they return to the upper left corner
and start over. The only control you might have is a "home"
signal which returns you to the starting point. Any carriage
returns, linefeed etc. have to be taken care of by a program which
is keeping track of exactly where you are.

A better scheme is to have a cursor which is usually a flashing
or solid white square located where the next character will
appear. In more advanced units, you can move this cursor around
under software (or hardware) control. That way, it's easy to
back up and go over any mistakes.

Another handy feature is scrolling. When you reach the end of
the last line on the screen, it's a little confusing to have

			
148

			the next line start at the top. Instead, some boards automatically
push every line up to make room for the incoming line, (the top
line goes off the screen).

Blank to end-of-line and blank to end-of-screen features are
necessary to keep from having a lot of unwanted characters left
on the screen. Be sure to check to find out exactly what features
are included on the board you are buying. If you can, find
someone who has a similar board up and running.

Back To The Busses

It's not manditory that a video board work off the serial ports.
There are boards made to plug into most "standard" motherboards.
These work off the data and address busses directly. In many
cases, they include memory to hold the characters which looks
just like any other memory to the processor. This has the
advantage that any character can be changed instantaneously.
A board like this is undoubtedly going to require software to keep
things organized and you'll have to provide programs written
especially for KIM. Hardware vs Software

With the prices of memory continuing to drop, it's becoming
cheaper to replace many hardware functions with software. In
the case of video, you can use software not only to keep track
of what characters go where; you can also use it to generate
most of the display itself. This tends to reduce the cost
considerably.

Using this fact, Don Lancaster describes a T.V. Typewritter
addition to the KIM for $25-$35, (Kilobaud #6, June '77 or
Popular Electronics, July '77 and August '77). But a word of
caution. You'll have to "chop up" your KIM a bit to implement
this- the project involves cutting a piece of KIM's printed
circuit foil, plus wiring in a whole bunch of new wires. And
while the changes don't affect KIM's operation, you have to
recognize that memory expansion becomes a different ball game.
Don uses the addresses from 2000 to EFFF, and that means
that you can't just add on extra memory in those areas.

Dedicating the processor to running the display in this manner
also means that it is going to have to "steal" time from this
job to run your programs. This can slow things up a bit. Keyboards

The keyboard also doesn't have to come into the serial port.
Some video boards have a keyboard port built in. Another
possibility is the parallel I/O ports on the KIM itself. Again,
you'll have to provide the necessary software, but it would
save you from having to buy a serial interface board.

			
149

			If you are thinking of running both the keyboard and video board
off the parallel ports of KIM, you should add up the total number
of lines you need. By the time you include all necessary strobe
lines, you will probably find you don't have enough ports 
available.

Hooking To Your T.V.

When you hook a video board to a T.V. set, make sure that the
T.V. has a transformer which isolates the set from the A.C.
line. 110 volts can ruin a lot of chips in a hurry!

There are two ways of putting the video signal in the T.V.
If you want to go into the antenna terminals, you will need a
board which generates a regular T.V. frequency signal with
the video signal being Imposed upon it. Kits are available
for $10 -$15.

A method less susceptible to interference problems is to go
directly into the video amplifier of the set. A T.V. repair
shop should be able to handle this if you can't. About the
simplest circuit was given in July '76 Byte, p. 38. Another
appeared in Kilobaud #7, (July '77 p. 30). Kits are available
to make this type of conversion also.

Video Monitors

A video monitor is like a T.V. set without the ability to pick
up channels. It just takes a standard video signal (like
the one coming from a video board) and puts it on the screen.
Because they have a larger bandwidth than the normal T.V. set,
they can display more information without the characters getting
fuzzy. Costs

At the present time, (Summer '77), you can expect to pay $150 -
$250 for a video board, $50 - $150 for a keyboard and over $300
for the combination in a box along with a serial interface.
Most of the serial interface is in the UART chip which sells
for about $10. Kits maybe available for about $25 -$50.
Motherboards run $100 - $150 and a video monitor will cost
around $150 - $200. Grachics

If you want to use your KIM for simulating video games on a
T.V., you should be thinking in terms of a graphics board.
The graphics boards that are used with T.V. sets generate many
tiny white rectangles, squares or dot patterns on the screen.
these can be individually turned on or off at will. Some video
boards meant to display characters also have limited graphics
capability. 
			
150

			Printers

There are a number of printers on the market which use many
small solenoids to form dot patterns through a typewritter
ribbon onto paper. These dot patterns form characters faster
than can be done with a typewritter or teleprinter. Some use
adding machine paper and others, a standard size sheet. Prices
run from $250 on up.
Also available are printers which use a specially sensitized
paper and print using a thermal process. Floppy Disks

Once you start reading in programs which require 4K or more of
memory, you are going to find the cassette interface on your
KIM a little slow. Even with Hypertape, it will take about
1 1/2 minutes to read in 4K.

There are faster tape units on the market, but the ultimate as
far as the hobbist is now concerned is the "floppy". The floppy
disk is like a flexable phonograph record coated with iron oxide
as is used on tapes. A read/write head is moved radially outward
from the center to read or write on different "tracks". The main
advantage over tape is the speed at which any block of information
can be located. The information is also put on very compactly
and reading it back takes only a few seconds at mast.

The mechanism to do all this is a precision piece of equipment
and quite expensive. Prices are continuing to drop however
as the demand becomes greater. The electronics necessary is
also quite complex, but as with the UART, single chips are now
being made which do most of the job.

Floppies are often used in pairs. One reason for this is to
be able to back up what is stored on a disk. One disk is
simply copied to another. Since each disk may store over 1/4
million bytes, you can see how time consuming this would be
if you tried to read all information into memory and back out
on another disk. smaller versions of floppies using a 5"
diskette (with less storage capacity) are also available at
somewhat lower prices.

Again, you need not only the floppy drive and controller
(electronics), but also the necessary software written for KIM.
The operating system software that goes with floppies is quite
complex. But then, it's also very powerful. 
			
151

			SOFTWARE TO EXPAND YOUR KIM

In addition to building extra devices onto your KIM system,
like teletype, display, or more memory, you can increase the
power of your system with special programs called software.

The name, software, is often misunderstood. Software, strictly
speaking, refers to programs that help you do the job.
They are helping programs, not doing programs. For example,
if you write a program to play a game, that's not software -
it's called an application program, for it actually does 
something.
But the programs that help your game, such as the Monitor
subroutines that you may call, are software. They don't do the
job, but they sure help.

Most of the extra software that we'll talk about here will
require extra memory to be fitted to your KIM system.

Assemblers

If you've tried writing a program, you may have noticed that
converting your coding into KIM's machine language is quite
a tedious job. For example, you may have written the command
LDA TOTAL to load the accumulator with a zero page quantity
that you have called TOTAL. Before you can enter the program,
you must convert this to the 6502 code: A5 (for LDA from zero 
page),
63 (the zero page location you have chosen for TOTAL).
Not too hard, perhaps; but you must look up the code and keep
track of the addresses  If your program contains dozens of
instructions, this conversion - called hand assembly - can
become quite a chore.

An assembler program will do the conversion for you, quickly,
neatly, and without error  If you have a hard copy printing
device, it will give you a complete printout (called a "listing")
of your program.

A resident assembler works on program data held entirely within
KIM's memory. It's very fast, but it does need lots of memory
to hold all of your program information. Other assemblers work
from data stored on magnetic tape or on floppy disk. They are
slower, since the data must be copied into memory as it's needed,
but allow your programs to be almost unlimited in size.
A cross-assembler will assemble your KIM program on a completely
different machine, such as a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-ll
or a commercial time-sharing processor. Because these other
computers are not so limited in size compared to the KIM, they
can be very powerful. 
			
152

			Dis-Assemblers

A disassembler works in reverse from an assembler. If you have
a program in KIM machine language, the disassembler will print
it out in the more easily readable assembly language . Very
handy for investigating a working program, if you don't have
the listing.

For example, if you have coding starting at address 02DB that
reads: CA 10 F8 AD 64 17 85 80 ... , the disassembler would
print something like this:

020F CA          DEX
0216 10 F8       BPL 020A
0212 AD 64 17    LDA 1704
0215 85 80       STA 0080

As you can see, this is much more readable.


Interpreters (BASIC ,FOCAL, etc.)

There are several "high level" languages that are much easier
for writing programs than KIM (6502) machine language.
With the proper software package, KIM can translate these
high level instructions and perform the desired actions.
The translation job takes time, so KIM will run many times slower
than its normal "machine" speed. Programming convenience is
so great, however, that most users don't mind the loss of speed.

Interpreters can take up quite a bit of memory - anywhere from
2K to 16K locations - so you'll have to be fitted with the
appropriate amount of memory expansion. If you hear of an
8K Basic interpreter, you'll know that means 8,600 locations
for the program, and of course you'll need to provide extra
memory to fit your own programs in.

A brief example will show how simple a language like BASIC
can be for programming. To input a number from your keyboard,
and type its square, you need only write:

50 INPUT A              receive value "a" from keyboard
60 LET B = A*A          "*" means multiplication
70 PRINT "THE SQUARE OF ";A;" IS ";b
80 STOP

See how easy it is? KIM must read each line, character by character,
decide what it means: inputting, calculating, printing or whatever,
and then perform that action, KIM works hard, but you don't.

			
153

			Text Editors

It can be very handy to compose a number of lines of material
such as a tetter, a program, or general data; put it into your
KIM system; save it permanently on tape or disk; and then later
recall it and change, insert or delete information.

If you're writing a letter, you can correct mistakes and insert
new thoughts as they occur to you, perhaps even generating
several slightly different versions to mail to various people.
If you have a program, you can correct bugs as you find them
and insert new coding as needed  Data files can be kent up
to date.

Text Editors are very important with other software such as
assemblers and interpreters; often, they are built in. Mathematical Packages

Each memory location in KIM can store a number from 0 to FF
hexadecimal, or 0 to 255 decimal. Ther are no fractions,
and you have to make special arrangement for signed (positive
and negative) numbers. You can link memory locations together
to hold larger numbers; but extremely large numbers and fractions
call for special mathematical techniques to be used. In addition,
KIM gives you only addition and subtraction; you have to work
out multiplication and division for yourself, to say nothing of
more complex functions like square roots and powers.

You can program all this yourself, if you have the time and
the mathematical background. But if you really need to perform
advanced math on your KIM, you'll be better off to obtain
a pre-written mathematical package. Floating-point on computers means about the same as the term
"Scientific Notation" on calculators. It lets you use fractions
and deal with very large and very small values . In addition,
you'll often get extra functions - powers, roots, logarithms,
and trigonometric functions such as sines and cosines.

Many mathematical functions are often included in large interpreters. 
			
154

			
			
			
155

			
KIM RUNS THE WORLD OR HOW TO CONNECT YOUR MICROPROCESSOR

TO EXTERNAL DEVICES
Introduction - Calculator versus Computer

Most of you are familiar with the ubiquitous pocket
calculator.  From the simple "four-banger" to the most
sophisticated card-programmable, the sequence of ope-
rations is always the same.  You enter numbers from
either the Keyboard or a program card, depress a few
keys, the calculator "crunches" your input and out
come the processed numbers on the display or printer.

Though a calculator will do a great job of processing
numbers, just try to make it perform a simple trick
of a different kind - e.g., ring a bell after comple-
ting the 150th iteration.  No way!  A calculator is
a closed system.  In general it is not possible to
attach to it external devices not envisioned during
the original design.  A microprocessor such as KIM is
quite different in this respect.  In fact frequently
its main functions are not to "crunch" numbers but to
receive signals from various sensors such as photocells,
thermostats, switches or pressure transducers, to do
a small amount of processing of these inputs and then
to control devices such as lights, motors, relays
or even to play music.

In this chapter we will try to show you how easy it is
for KIM to perform operations of the type described.
KIM via its input/output ports can receive and transmit
control signals.  Its built-in precision quartz crystal
controlled time reference and a built-in interval timer
further simplify various controlling tasks. KIM Ports - KIM Talks and Listens

KIM has four special memory locations which are used
for input, output and various applications.  Great
things happen if you store numbers in these locations!

			
156

			Location

1700         Contents of Application Port A
1701         Data Direction of Port A
1702         Contents of Application Port B
1703         Data Direction of Port B

The data contents locations 1700 and 1702 store the
data transmitted to or from KIM while the data direction
locations 1701 and 1703 determine which port operates
in the input and which in the output mode.  These four
special memory locations can be accessed by KIM programs
in the same way as any other location.  In addition
the application port A in location 1700 and the appli-
cation port B in location 1702 are also accessible on
connector pins.  They represent the physical interface
of KIM.  By monitoring the appropriate pins with a volt-
meter one can detect the data stored in memory locations
1700 and 1702 when KIN is in the output mode.  By setting
the appropriate pins to ground or to Vcc (+5 Volts) one
can feed data into KIM in the input mode.

As KIM is an 8-bit microprocessor, each of the two
ports A and B actually consists of eight independent
inputs or outputs.  Each of the eight bit positions
from 0 through 7 appears on a different connector pin
and is a port in itself.  The following are connector
pin assignments for the A and B application ports.
For example PAO represents the 0-th or the least sig-
nificant bit of port A and PA7 the 7-th or the most
significant bit.  Pin A-14 means Application connector
(lower left), the 14-th pin counting from the top,
on the upper side of the connector (the lower side
of the connector is designated by letters instead of
numbers).

Connector Pin Assignments Port Pin Port Pin

PA0           A-14        PB0          A-9
PA1           A-4         PB1          A-10



			
157

			Port Pin Port Pin
PA2           A-3         PB2          A-11
PA3           A-2         PB3          A-l2
PA4           A-5         PB4          A-13
PA5           A-6         PB5          A-16
PA6           A-7         PB6          Not accessible
PA7           A-8         PB7          A-15

To assign any of the above connector pins to either
input or output mode we have to store a "magic"
number in location 1701 to control port A or in
location 1703 to control port B.  A  "1" stored in
a specific bit position makes the corresponding
port into an output, a "0" into an input.  For
example, to assign PA7 to output and PA0 through
PA6 to input requires storing 10000000 or 80hex in
location 1701.  In the following example although
we deal only with port A, all the remarks apply
equally to the port B.

Example - Burglar Alarm

Let's suppose that we want to design a system under
KIM control such that PA0 through PA6 are connected
to seven normally closed burglar alarm switches
while PA7 should control a warning bell.  We want
the bell to start ringing as soon as one of the
contacts opens.  The bell should keep ringing even
if the contact closes again.  We will first describe
the software, or the programming part of the problem,
and then will show you the actual circuit.  We assume
that by now you scanned through the KIM software
chapters and are familiar with its basic instruction
set.

			
158

			Burglar Alarm Program Loc Code
			Mnemonic Comments

00    A9 80      LDA #80   / Set PAD through PA6 to
02    8D 01 17   STA 1701  \ input and PA7 to output
05    A9 00      LDA #00     Set output to 0
07    8D 00 17   STA 1700    Will affect PA7 only
0A    AD 00 17   LDA 1700  / Read 1700 to find if PAD
0D    29 7F      AND *7F  |  through PA6 contain all
0F    C9 7F      CMP #7F   \ "1"s (closed switches)
11    F0 F7      BZQ OA      All are closed, go to 0A
13    A9 80      LDA #80   / At least one switch open,
15    8D 00 17   STA 1700  \ sound alarm
18    4C 13 00   JMP 0013    Stay in the loop

Now let's look at the simple circuit to operate our
burglar alarm.  We connect PAD through PA6 pins directly
to the switches.  If a switch is closed then the voltage
at that port is 0 Volts (ground); as soon as the switch
opens, an internal resistor located on the KIM board
"pulls" the port to the positive voltage Vcc of 5 Volts.
All ports except PB7 are equipped with built-in resis-
tors, called "pu1l-up" resistors connected to Vcc, which
set voltage at a port to Vcc when the port is in the
input mode and is not connected to ground.  On the output
port PA7 is connected to the base of an amplifying tran-
sistor which drives a relay to operate an alarm bell.
The transistor is necessary because the maximum availa-
ble current of each KIM port is only on the order of
1 mA.  This current would not be sufficient to drive
a relay directly. 
			
159

			
 Multiple Drives

Now suppose you want KIM to drive several devices
rather than a single one.  For example you may want
to connect a 3 x 3 matrix of LED lights to the A and
B ports to play tic-tac-toe.  The simplest way to do
this is by using one of the inexpensive digit driving
ICs, such as 75492 used in many calculator circuits.
Each of these ICs will drive up to 6 lights, relays
or what have you with the simple circuit shown below.
The six IC outputs act as "sinks", which requires
that you connect one side of your electric load to
the positive battery voltage and the other side to
one of the IC outputs.  When the appropriate port is
"on" current will flow through your load; when the
port is "off", current will stop.  The maximum current
through each load is 200 mA.

			
			
160

			AC Control

To go one step further we can show you how KIM can
operate AC devices without relays.  However we would
like to caution you that the power line voltage of
110 Volts AC and the low voltages in your KIM do not
mix easily.  You may even achieve a non-voluntary
beautiful pyrotechnic display.  In other words, if
you are not careful in your soldering techniques
and like to leave a few wires dangling "just in case"
we would recommend that you skip the following
paragraph.

The circuit we show here electrically separates KIM
from the power line by means of a lamp/photocell
interface.  The amplified voltage from one of the
KIN ports turns on an incandescent lamp or an LED
which lowers the resistance of a photocell which
then turns on the electronic TRIAC switch. This simple and inexpensive circuit 
can easily control an AC lamp or appliance of up to 600 Watts

			161

			KIM versus Hardwired Logic

We have showed you how KIM can control relays, lights
and AC operated devices but these applications hardly
tap KIM's capabilities.  With the same methods you
can also switch tracks on a model train layout, control
traffic lights, and keep your fans and air conditioners
going.  The beauty of performing such tasks with a com-
puter rather than with hardwired relay logic is that
logical responses and changes in rules can easily be
implemented by changing a few statements in your prog-
ram.  A redesign of a hardwired circuit on the other
hand is always difficult, time consuming, frequently
impossible without starting your design from scratch. D/A and A/D Converters

So far we have discussed on/off type controls such as
switches or relays which are either open or closed.
However, there are many areas where a proportional
control with "shades of gray" instead of black or white
would be more desirable.  For example if you are inte-
rested in electronic music you would like to shape
the electric signals driving your amplifiers and speakers
into sinusoids, triangles and seesaws to mimic various
instruments.  Though even with a simple on/off control
you can create sounds, their acoustical range is very
limited.  If you connect an audio amplifier to one of
the KIM ports and listen to the sound generated by
the 5 Volt pulses of various length and at various
repetition rates the sound will remind you only of
a variety of buzz saws and not of musical instruments.
The next step therefore is to develop a digital-to-
analog (D/A) interface for your KIM.  Such an interface
will, for example, translate an 8-bit binary number
on ports A0 through A7 into a voltage proportional
to the numerical value stored in location 1700 (Port A).
A number FFhex stored in 1700 could then generate
2.0 Volts, while 20hex stored in the same locabion
would generate (32/255) x 2.0 = 0.25 Volts.  Though
we will not describe a D/A converter in detail, it
can easily be built with either separate amplifiers
or with specially designed ICs.  An example of a rela-
tively inexpensive converter is MC1408L by Motorola. 
			
162

			Similarly an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter inter-
face can be used to turn KIM into a measuring instrument
such as a digital voltmeter, thermometer or even a
speach recognizer.  Applications of a microprocessor
equipped with D/A and A/D converters are limited only
by your imagination and by your wallet. Interval Timer

Many applications which interface KIM to the outside
world benefit from the addition of a timer.  For
example, you may want the train in a model train
layout to stop for exactly 45 seconds at a station
under some conditions but for only 30 seconds under
other conditions.  For this and other purposes as well,
KIM has a built-in interval timer which can be set to
various multiples of its crystal controlled cycle
time of 1 microsecond (10-6 sec.).  By storing a number
K between 1 and FFhex in one of the special memory
locations listed below we direct the timer to count
a specific number of cycles.  The special memory lo-
cations used by the interval timer and the longest
count-down period are as follows: Location Timer Count Max. Period (sec.)
(microseconds)       For K = FFhex

1704       K x 1                0.000255
1705       K x 8                0.002
1706       K x 64               0.016
1707       K x 1024             0.26

Location 1707 is also used to sense that the timer
has finished counting.  By putting the interval timer
inside a loop the timing can be lengthened to seconds,
minutes and hours.  The timer starts cotuiting as soon
as a number between 1 and FFhex is stored in one of
the above four locations by means of the STA (STore
Accumulator in memory) instruction.  When time runs
out the BIT (test BITs in memory with accumulator)
instruction returns a non-positive value from lo-
cation 1707. 
			
163

			Timer Example

The following short program illustrates the use of
the interval timer.  The program will leave the loop
after 5 x 64 = 320 microseconds count is detected
by the BIT instruction.  While the timer counts,
other tasks can be performed by KIM.

Loc Code Mnemonic Comments

00    A9 05      LDA #05        Start timer by storing

02    8D 06 17   STA 1706       5 in 1706

05 ........                     Perform other tasks

........

10 2C 07 17       BIT 1707      Check if timer finished?

13 10 F0          BPL 05        If still counting, go to 05

15 ........                     Otherwise continue How KIM Communicates with its own Keyboard and Display

At first glance the KIM keyboard and the LED display
seem to be a hardwired fixed part of the micropro-
cessor and as difficult to access as if they would
belong to a calculator.  Fortunately it is not so.
Both thekeyboard and the display can be used quite
differently from the way they are used by the KIM
built-in operating system program.  You can run the
display and the keyboard under the control of your
own programs to perform all kinds of tricks.  For
example, you can program the LEDs to display any
pattern in any digit position which can be made with
the seven LED segments.  Similarly the keyboard can
be used as input to various programs with individual
keys performing functions unrelated to their numerical
labels.  For example, the "B" key in your program can 
			
164

			indicate a "Backward" command, while the "F" key can
mean "Forward".  Various game programs shown in other
sections of this book are examples of such applications.

We have tried in this chapter to give you a feeling for
what KIM can do in the way of control applications.
We hope that by now you have gained some appreciation
for KIMs potential. 
			
******************
			
165

			
			
			
166

			GUIDELINES FOR WRITING KIM PROGRAMS

1.  Use of Memory.

--Wherever possible, place your programs In pages 2 and 3--
addresses 0200 to 03FF. It's handy to keep page zero for
variables - values that change during program run; and
page one is best left alone because the program Stack
uses it. The Stack, by the way, only uses a few locations
- usually. But a small program error can sometimes make
the stack run wild, which would destroy your page one data.


--Your variables (changeable data) should be kept in page zero,
in locations 0000 to 00EE. These addresses are easy to use,
since you can use zero-page addressing modes which save you
time and memory.


2.  Program and constants.

--Set up your programs in the following pattern: first,
the main program (starting at address 0200 or higher);
then your subroutines; and finally your data.
Keep them all fairly close together, so that when you
dump the whole thing to cassette tape it won't take
extra time to write the 'blank spaces in between'.

3.  Initial values.

--Don't assume anything about the beginning values in your
registers or in zero page. If you want to be out of
decimal mode (and you usually do), make your first command
a CLD (D8). If you want the accumulator to be zero,
load it with LDA #$00 (A9 00). Every zero page variable
that needs to start at a certain value should be set
to that value by the program. For example, if you
want address 0043 to start out with a value of 7, write
LDA #$07, STA 0043 (A9 07  85 43).

4.  General.

--Make your subroutines simple, with clearly visible entry
and return points. One of the stickiest problems to find
is a subroutine that doesn't return via a RTS command,
but instead jumps straight back to your main coding .
or a subroutine that you somehow get into without giving
the vital JSR command.

--Avoid super clever programming, such as having the program
change itself. (It can work ...  but if it misbehaves, you
can have a bad time).

5.  Remember: Computers are dumber than humans, but smarter
than programmers. 
			
167

			LIGHTING THE KIM-1 DISPLAY  Jim Butterfield

A. SIX-DIGIT HEXADECIMAL.

The easiest way to display six digits of data is to use
the KIM-1 Monitor subroutine SCAND.

Calling TSR SCAND (20 19 1F) will cause the first four digits
to show the address stored in POINTL and POINTH (00FA and 00FB),
while the last two digits of the display show the contents
of that address.

If you look at the first three lines of subroutine SCAND
(lines 1057 to 1059 on page 25 of the listing), you'll
see how the program 'digs out' the contents of the
address given by POINTL/POINTH and stores it in location
INE (00F9). It's neat programming, and worth studying
if you're not completely familiar with the 6502's indirect
addressing operation.

Thus, if you skip these three lines, and call JSR SCANDS
(20 1F 1F) you will be displaying, in hexidecimal, the
contents of three locations: POINTH, POINTL , and INH
This, of course, takes six digits.

To recap: SCAND will display four digits of address and
two digits on contents. SCANDS will display six digits
of data.

Important: in both cases, the display will be illuminated
for only a few milliseconds. You must call the subroutine
repeatedly in order to obtain a steady display.

B. DRIVING THE BITS OF THE DISPLAY DIRECTLY.

1. Store the value $7F into PADD (1741). This sets the
directional registers.

2. To select each digit of the display, you will want to
store the following values in location SBD (1742).

Digit 1: $09
Digit 2: $0B
Digit 3: $0D
Digit 4: $0F
Digit 5: $11
Digit 6: $13

Note that this can easily be done in a loop, adding two
to the value as you move t0 the next digit. 
			
168

			3.  Now that you have selected a carticular digit, light
the segments you want by storing a 'segment control'
byte into location SAD (1740).  The segments will be
lit by setting the appropriate bit to 1 in SAD according
to the following table:



Bit    7       6       5       4       3       2       1       0
..   center    upper   lower   bottom  lower   upper   top
left    left            right   right
"g"     "f"     "e"      "d"    "c"      "b"     "a"



For example, to generate a small letter 't', we
would store $78 (center, upper left, lower left, bottom)
into SAD.


4.  Now that you have picked a digit and lit the appropriate
segments  wait a while. Sit in a delay loop for
about 1/2 millisecond before moving on to the next digit. THE KIM-1 ALPHABET.

Some letters, like M and W, just won't go onto a 7-segment
display. Some, like B, are only possible in capitals; others,
like T, can only be done in lower case. So here's an
alphabet of possibles:

A  - $F7
B  - $FF          b - $FC
C  - $B9          c - $DB
D  - $BF          d - $DE
F  - $F9
F  - $F1          f - $F1
G  - $BD          g - $EF
H  - $F6          h - $F4             1 - $86
I  - $86          i - $84             2 - $DB
J  - $9E          j - $9E             3 - $CF
L  - $B8          l - $86             4 - $E6
n - $D4             5 - $ED
O  - $BF          o - $DC             6 - $FD
P  - $F3          p - $F3             7 - $87
r - $D0             B - $FF
S  - $ED                              9 - $EF
t - $F8             0 - $BF
U  - $BE          u - $9C        minus  - $C0
Y  - $EE          y - $EE 
			
169

			The following is reprinted from the KIM-1 User Manual with permission
from MOS Technology.


Interval Timer

1.  Capabilities

The KIM-1 Interval Timer allows the user to specify a preset
count of up to 25610 and a clock divide rate of 1, 8, 64, or 1024
by writing to a memory location.  As soon as the write occurs,
counting at the specified rate begins.  The timer counts down at
the clock frequency divided by the divide rate.  The current timer
count may be read at any time.  At the user's option, the timer
may be programmed to generate an interrupt when the counter counts
down past zero.  When a count of zero is passed, the divide rate
is automatically set to 1 and the counter continues to count down
at the clock rate starting at a count of FF (-1 in two's comple-
ment arithmetic).  This allows the user to determine how many clock
cycles have passed since the timer reached a count of zero.  Since
the counter never stops, continued counting down will reach 00
again, then FF, and the count will continue.

2. Operation

a.  Loading the timer
The divide rate and interrupt option enable/disable are
programmed by decoding the least significant address bits.  The
starting count for the timer is determined by the value written to
that address.

Writing to Address Sets Divide Ratio To Interrupt Capability Is
1704                   1                  Disabled
1705                   8                  Disabled
1706                   64                 Disabled
1707                   1024               Disabled
1700                   1                  Enabled
170D                   8                  Enabled
170E                   64                 Enabled
170F                   1024               Enabled


b,  Determining the timer status
After timing has begun, reading address location 1707 will
provide the timer status.  If the counter has passed the count of
zero, bit 7 will be set to 1, otherwise, bit 7 (and all other bits
in location 1707) will be zero.  This allows a program to "watch"
location 1707 and determine when the timer has timed out.

c.  Reading the count in the timer
If the timer has not counted past zero, reading location
1706 will provide the current timer count and disable the inter-
rupt option; reading location 170E will provide the current timer
count and enable the interrupt option.  Thus the interrupt option
can be changed while the timer is counting down. 
			
170

			If the timer has counted past zero, reading either memory
location 1706 or 170E will restore the divide ratio  to its pre-
viously programmed value, disable the interrupt option and leave
the timer with its current count (not the count originally writ-
ten to the timer).  Because the timer never stops counting, the
timer will continue to decrement, pass zero, set the divide rate
to 1, and continue to count down at the clock frequency, unless
new information is written to the timer.

d. Using the interrupt option
In order to use the interrupt option described above, line
PB7 (application connector, pin 15) should be connected to either
the IRQ (Expansion Connector, pin 4) or NMI (Expansion Connector,
pin 6) pin depending on the desired interrupt function.  PB7
should be programmed as input line (it's normal state after a
RESET).

NOTE: If the programrner desires to use PB7 as a normal
I/O line, the programmer is responsible for dis-
abling the timer interrupt option (by writing or
reading address 1706) so that it does not inter-
fere with normal operation of PB7.  Also, PB7 was
designed to be wire-ORed with other possible inter-
rupt sources; if this is not desired, a 5.1K resis-
tor should be used as a pull-up from PB7 to +5v.
(The pull-up should NOT be used if PB7 is connected
to NMI or IRQ.) 
			
************************************************


IMPORTANT!!

The KIM Cassette Tape Interface
The KIM-1 USER GUIDE doesn't emphasize one vital
instruction in telling you how to read and write tapes.

BEFORE READING OR WRITING MAGNETIC TAPE, BE SURE
TO SET THE CONTENTS OF ADDRESS 00F1 TO VALUE 00.


This ensures that the computer is not in Decimal Mode.
The key sequence is AD 0 0 F 1 DA 0
			0 AD.

If you forget to do this, you're likely to have trouble with
audio tape.  You might write bad tape - which can never be
read back in correctly, and you might find yourself unable
to input properly from tape.  Many of us have run into this
problem, and have wasted countless hours trying different
tapes and recorders or even investigating KIM's electronics.

You'll find KIM audio tape to be 100% reliable, even on
inexpensive recorders, providing you follow this rule and
always ensure that location 00Fl is set to zero. 
			
171

			NOTES ON A RANDOM NUMBER GENERATER             Jim Butterfield

It's not my original idea - I picked up it from a technical
journal many years ago. Wish I could remember the source,
so I could credit it.

This program produces reasonably random numbers, and it won't
"lock up" so that the same number starts coming out over and
over again.  The numbers are scattered over the entire range
of hexadecimal 00 to FF.  A Statistician would observe that
the numbers aren't completely "unbiased", since a given
series of numbers will tend to favor odd or even numbers slightly.
But it's simple, and works well in many applications.

Here ta how it works.  Suppose the last five random numbers
that we have produced were A, B, C, D and E.  We'll wake a
new random number by calculating A + B + E + 1.   (The one
at the end is there so we don't get locked up on all zeros).
When we add all these together, we may get a carry, but
we just ignore it.  That's all.  The new "last five" will
now be B, C, D, E and the new number.  To keep everything
straight, we move all these over one place, so that B goes
where A used to be, and so on.

The program:
xxxx D8      RAND CLD clear  decimal if needed
xxxx 38           SEC carry  adds value 1
xxxx A5 13        LDA RND+l  last value (E)
xxxx 65 16        ADC RND+4  add B (+ carry)
xxxx 65 17        ADC RND+5  add C
xxxx 85 12        STA RND    new number
xxxx A2 04        LDX #4     move 5 numbers
xxxx B5 12   RPL  LDA RND,X
xxxx 95 13        STA RND+l,X  ..move over 1
xxxx CA           DEX
xxxx 10 F9        BPL RPL    all moved?

The new random number will be in A, and in RND, and in RND+1.
Note that you must use six values in page zero to hold the
random string ... I have used 0012 to 0017 in the above coding.

You often don't want a random number that goes all the way
up to 255 (Hexadecimal FF). Them are two ways of reducing
this range.  You can AND out the bits you don't want;
for example, AND #07 reduces the range to 0-7 only.
Alternatively, you can write a small divide routine, and
the remainder becomes your random number; examples of this
can be seen in programs such as BAGELS.

			
172

			
If you have one or more of the articles 
mentioned below and want to share 
it with others please contact: erik.vdbroeck at telenet.be:
 
Erik Van den Broeck
Elfde Julilaan 130 
B8500 Kortrijk 
Belgium

+ 32 56 202142 users.telenet.be/kim1-6502
erik.vdbroeck at telenet.be

			
The one publication that devotes all of its space to the KIM-1/6502
machines is:
KIM-1/6502 USER NOTES
P.O. Box 33077
North Royalton, Ohio 44133

Six issues of this bimonthly newsletter costs U.S.$5.00 for North
American subscribers and U.S.$1O.00 for international subscribers.

Here's some pointers to other KIM-1/6502 articles-

BYTE-
November 1975 (p.56) - Son Of Motorola
- A description of the 6302 instruction set and comparison
with the 6800.

May 1976 (p.8) - A Date With KIM
- An in depth description of KIM

August 1976 (p.44) - True Confessions: How I Relate To KIM
- How to; use cheap memories with KIM by stretching the clock;
expand memory; implement interrupt prioritizing logic; sim-
ulate a HALT instruction.

March 1977 (p.36) - 6502 op code table

March 1977 (p.70) - Simplified Omega Receiver Details
- Using the 6502 for signal processing in a low cost navigation
receiver (Mini-Omega).

April 1977 (p.8) - Kim Goes To The Moon
- A real-time lunar lander program for KIM

April 1977 (p.100) - Navigation With Mini-O
- Software details for a phase-tracking loop filter using Jolt
or KIM.

June 1977 (p.18) - Designing Multichannel Analog Interfaces
- Hardware and 6502 software for an 8 channel analog I/O.

June 1977 (p.46) - Teaching KIM To Type
- Hardware and software for hooking KIM up to a Selectric. June 1977 (p.76) - Come Fly With KIM
- Hardware and software for interfacing a Fly Paper Tape Reader
to KIM.

July 1977 (p.126) - Giving KIM Some Fancy Jewels
- How to outboard KIM's seven-segment displays. DR. DOBBS-
March 1976 (p.17) - 6502 Breakpoint Routine

August 1976 (p. 17) - 6502 Floating Point Routine
August 1976 (p.20) - Monitor For The 6502 
			
173

			August 1976 (p.21) - Lunar Lander For The 6502

September. 1976 (p.22) - 6502 Disassembler

September 1976 (p.26) - A 6502 Number Game

September 1976 (p.33) - 6502 String Output Routine

November 1976 (p.50) 6502 String Output Routine

November 1976 (p.57) - 6502 Floating Point Errata

February 1977 (p.8) - More 6502 String Output Routine INTERFACE AGE-

September 1976 (p.l4) - A 6502 Disassembler

October 1976 (p.65) - Interfacing The Apple Computer
- How to:  hook a SWTPPR-40 to the Apple 6502.

November 1976 (p.12) - Build A Simple A/D
- Hardware and 6502 software for simple joystick (or
whatever) interface.

November 1976 (p.103) - Floating Point Routine For 6502

April 1977 (p.18) - "Mike"-A Computer Controlled Robot
- Hardware and 6502 software for a KIM controlled robot like
vehicle.

KILOBAUD-

January 1977 (p.114) - A Teletype Alternative
- How to: Convert a parallel input TVT to serial operation;
interface to KIM.

February 1977 (p.8) - Found: A Use For Your Computer

April 1977 (p.74) - KIM-1 Memory Dxpansion
- How to: Add an 589.95 4K Ram board to KIM.

May 1977 (p.98) - Adding "PLOP" To Your System
- A 6502 noisemaker for computer games.

June 1977 (p.50) - A TVT For Your KIM NOTE: Kilobaud now has a monthly KIM column.

MICROTREK-

August 1976 (p.7) - KIM-1 Microcomputer Module
- A very in depth look inside KIM.

POPULAR ELECTRONICS-

July 1977 (p.4?) - Build The TVT-6
- How to: KIM-1 TVT (same as Kilobaud #6). 
			
174

			73 MAGAZINE
January 1977 (p.100) - Bionic Brass pounder
- How to: Turn KIM into a smart morse code keyboard.

			 *****************************************************
			
6502 SOFTWARE SOURCES
(as of summer 1977) ARESCO                       Focal, 2 1/2K assembler
314 Second Ave.              6K assembler/text editor
Haddon Hts., New Jersey      (send S.A.S.E. for info)
08035

The Computerist              Please Package, Help,
P.O. Box 3                   editor and mailing list
S. Chelmsford MA             packages
01824          (send S.A.S.E. for info)

Itty Bitty Computers Tom Pittman's
P.O. Box 23189               Tiny Basic
San Jose, Calif.             (send S.A.S.E. for info)
95153

MICROWARE MICROCHESS,       (Chess in
27 rirstbrooke Rd.           1k), assembler
Toronto, Ontario             (send S.A.S.E. for info)
CANADA   M4E 2L2

MICRO-SOFTWARE SPECIALISTS   2K assembler/editor
P.O. Box 3292                (send S.A.S.E. for info)
E. T. Station
Commerce, Texas 75428

6502 Program Exchange        Focal, Focal programs,
2920 Moans Lane              Kim and TIM programs
Reno, Nevada  89509          (send 50c for program list)

Pyramid Data Systems         1K monitor system.
6 Terrace Ave.               (send S.A.S.E. for info)
New Egypt, New Jersey
08533

Julien Dubé                  Baudot Monitor
3174 Rue Dousi               (send S.A.S.E.)
Ste-Foy, Quebec G1W 2X2
Canada 
			
175

			Jim Butterfield                 Charles Eaton
14 Brooklyn Ave.                19606 Gary Avenue
Toronto, Ontario M4M 2X5        Sunnyvale, California
Canada                           94086

Lew Edwards Peter Jennings
1451 Hamilton Ave.              27 Firstbrooke Rd.
Trenton 9, N.J.                 Toronto, Ontario M4E 2L2
Canada

Ron Kushnier Cass Lewart or
3108 Addison Ct.                Dan Lewart
Cornwells Hts., Penna.          12 Georjean Drive
19020                Holmdel, N.J.
07733

Stan Ockers                     James Van Ornum
R.R. #4, Box 209                55 Cornell Drive
Lockport, Ill.                  Hazlet, N.J.
60441                           07730

Charles Parsons                 Jim Pollock
80 Longview Rd.                 6 Terrace Ave.
Monroe, Conn.                   New Egypt, New Jersey
06468                           08533 Eric Rehnke                     Joel Swank
P.O. Box 33077                  #186
N. Royalton, Ohio               4655 S.w. 142nd
44133                 Beaverton, Ore.
97005
*****************************************************
			
Here are the folks responsible. They eagerly await your
praise, comments, criticism, indignation - whatever...
Please do the courtesy of enclosing a S.A.S.E. if you
wish a reply. 
			
176

			
HTML version by:      
Erik Van den Broeck
Elfde Julilaan 130
B8500 Kortrijk
Belgium

+ 32 56 202142 users.telenet.be/kim1-6502
erik.vdbroeck at telenet.be

The WAV's, MP3's and
listings at pages 38 to 111 by
Dick Blok 

			
Special thanks to Cass Lewart for lending me his original 
copy of The First Book of KIM, to the team who wrote the 
book especially because it's free of copyrights, and to 
Ian Pun who already published parts of this book.
THE FIRST BOOK OF KIM - corrections

			Authorships:

SORT, page 136:  by Jim Pollock

FARMER BROWN, HYPERTAPE, SUPER-DUPE,, pages 64, 119, 138 ; by Mim Butterfield
			
			
Program corrections:

BANDIT, page 35:  change 0252 from 08 to 0B

CODE TEST, page 58:  addresses 02CE through 02DA should be changed to:
D1 65 D4 65 D5 85 D0 A2 04 B5 D0 95 D1

Operating instructions:

LUNAR LANDER. page 84:  After viewing fuel, return to altitude display
by pressing button A.

WUMPUS, page 107:    If Wumpus moves to a room containing a pit or
superbats, he will be hidden and you won't be told when
you are near him.  You must either guess his location or
make him move again by pitching a can. 

			THE FIRST BOOK OF KIM - corrections Authorships: SORT, Page 136 by Jim Pollock
FARMER BROWN, HYPERTAPE, SUPER-DUPE, Pages 64,119,138 by Jim Butterfield Propram Corrections  BANDIT, page 35: change 0252 from 08 to 0B also 029C to OB
CODE TEST, Page 58: zero page locations in random number routine
duplicate others, change E's to D's. Send for re-write (other errors)
MUSIC BOX, Page 90, Missing lines  027D  84 E7       STY LIMIT 1
ADDITION Page 24 needs to be out of decimal mode to work (CLD or 00 in 00F1) Instructions LUNAR LANDER, Page 84:  Aftor viewing fuel, return
to altitude display by pressing button A.
WUMPUS, Page 107: If Wumpus moves to a room containmg a pit or superbats,
he will be hidden and you won't be told when you are near him. You must
either guess his location or make him move again by pitching a can. 
			
Titles: MUTI*MAZE, Page 92, should be MULTI-MAZE: so named because
it does generate a new maze each time it is restarted.
BLACK MATCH: I.Q. does not automatically vary (change 0254)


THE FIRST BOOK OF KIM - corrections

Authorships:  SORT p. 136: by Jim Pollock
FARMER BROWN, HYPERTAPE, SUPERTAPE: by Jim Butterfield

Address: Pages 4 & 176: Eric Rehnke and KIM/6502 User
Notes is not at 100 Centre Ave., W. Norriton PA 19401.

Titles:   MUTI-MAZE, p 92, should be MULTI-MAZE

Programs: BANDIT: change 0252 and 029C from 08 to 0B
CODE TEST, p.58: change 02CE thru 02DA to:
D1 65 D4 C5 D5 85 D0 A2 04 B5 D0 95 D1
MUSIC BOX, p.90: add 027D 84 E7 - STY LIMIT+1
MINI DIS, p. 125: add 0364 68 - PLA

Operating Instructions: general - many programs were
designed and tested for audio tape load, with the
CPU out of decimal mode. Set 00F1 to 00 before running.
LUNAR LANDER, p.84: Press A for altitude display.
WUMPUS, p.107:. If WUMPUS moves into a room. with a pit or
superbats, he'll' be hidden - you won't be told WUMPUS
CLOSE. Either guess or pitch a can to make him move.